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Lehloyo la melata le matswantle Afrika Borwa

E tswa ho Wikipedia

Pele ho selemo sa 1994, bajaki ba tswang dibakeng tse ding ba ile ba tobana le kgethollo esita le pefo Afrika Borwa ka lebaka la tlhodisano bakeng sa menyetla e fokolang ya moruo. Kamora puso ya bongata ka 1994, ho fapana le ditebello, ketsahalo ya lehloyo la bajaki e ile ya eketseha. [1] Ka selemo sa 2008, bonyane batho ba 62 mashome a tsheletseng e metso e mmedi ba ile ba bolawa moferefereng le ditlhaselong tsa lehloyo la melata. [2] Ka selemo sa 2015, keketseho e nngwe ya ditlhaselo tsa lehloyo la melata naheng ka bophara kgahlanong le bajaki ka kakaretso e ile ya susumetsa mebuso e mengata ya dinaha tse ding ho qala ho kgutlisetsa baahi ba bona hae. [3] Phuputso ya Pew Research e entsweng ka selemo sa 2018 e bontshitse hore 62% mashome a tsheletseng a metso e mmedi ya Maafrika Borwa e bontshitse maikutlo a mabe ka baahi ba dinaha tse ding ba dulang le ho sebetsa Afrika Borwa, ba dumela hore bajaki ke morwalo setjhabeng ka ho nka mesebetsi le melemo ya setjhaba le hore 61% mashome a tsheletseng a metso o mong ya Maafrika Borwa e ne e nahana hore matswantle a ikarabella bakeng sa botlokotsebe ho feta dihlopha tse ding. [4] Ha ho na bopaki ba nnete bo tiisang kgopolo ya hore bajaki ke bona ba ka sehloohong ba molato wa diketso tsa botlokotsebe Afrika Borwa, leha polelo eo e etswa ka phoso ka dinako tse ding ke bo-radipolotiki le batho ba tummeng kapa ba hlahelletseng ka mahetla setjhabeng. Pakeng tsa dilemo tsa bo 2010 le 2017 palo ya melata e dulang Afrika Borwa e eketsehile ho tloha ho batho ba dimilione tse pedi ho ya ho batho ba dimilione tse nne. [4] Karolo ya baahi bohle ba Afrika Borwa ba tswaletsweng dinaheng disele e eketsehile ho tloha ho diporesenteng pedi feelwane robedi 2.8% ka selemo sa 2005 ho ya ho tse supa 7% ka selemo sa 2019. Ho ya ka Mokgatlo Matjhaba a kopaneng wa Bofalli, Afrika Borwa ke moamohedi e moholo ka ho fetisisa wa bajaki khonthinenteng ya Afrika.

Lehloyo la matswantle Afrika Borwa pele ho 1994

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Ditlhaselo kgahlanong le bajaki ba Mozambique le ba Congo

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Pakeng tsa selemo sa 1984 le sa 1994 ho ile ha eba le ho ho feela ha ntwa naheng eo, hoo hone ho akanngwa hore baahi ba naha ya Mozambique ba ka bang 50,000 ho isa ho 350,000 ba ile ba balehela Afrika Borwa.[1] Le hoja ba sa ka ba fuwa boemo ba bophaphathehi, ba ile ba dumellwa ka botekgeniki ho dula dinaheng tsa bathostan kapa dinaheng tsa batho ba batsho tse thehilweng nakong ya tsamaiso ya kgethollo kapa mmuso wa kgethollo (apartheid). Nnete e ne e fapane haholo, ka naha ya habo Lebowa e thibela baahi ba naha ya Mozambique ka ho feletseng ha Gazankulu e amohela baphaphathehi ka tshehetso ka mobu le disebediswa. Leha ho le jwalo, ba neng ba le Gazankulu ba ile ba iphumana ba kwalletswe naheng eo mme ba ikarabella bakeng sa ho lelekwa haeba ba ka kena Afrika Borwa ka molao, mme ho na le bopaki ba hore beng ba bona ba ba hanne ho fihlella mehlodi ya moruo. [5]

Merusu le ntwa ya lehae ka ho tshwanang di bone palo e kgolo ya batho naha ya ba Congo ba fallela Afrika Borwa, ba bangata ba bona ka molao, ka selemo sa selemo sa 1993 le selemo sa 1997. Dithuto tse latelang di fumane matshwao a maikutlo a lehloyo la basele mabapi le baphaphathehi bana, a tshwantshetsang hore ba haneloa ho fumana tlhokomelo ya bophelo bo botle ya mantlha yo ba neng ba e-na le tokelo ya yona ka botekgeniki.

Lehloyo la melata Afrika Borwa kamora selemo sa 1994

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Ho sa tsotellehe kgaello ya dintlha tse ka bapiswang ka ho toba, lehloyo la matswantle ;le Afrika Borwa le nkwa le eketsehile haholo ka mora ho kgethwa ha mmuso wa batho ba batsho ka selemo sa 1994. Setsebi Audie Klotz o re kamora phetoho ya Afrika Borwa ho ya pusong ya demokrasi ka selemo sa 1994 ho hlahile "lehloyo le letjha la melata leo eseng la morabe" naheng eo le shebaneng le baphaphathehi ka ho kgetheha. [6] Ho ya ka diphuputso tsa selemo sa 2004 tse phatlaladitsweng ke Morero wa Bofalli ba Afrika Borwa (SAMP):

"Mmuso wa mokgatlo wa ANC – boitekong ba wona ba ho hlola dikarohano tsa nakong e fetileng le ho aha mefuta e metjha ya bonngwe ba setjhaba ... o qadile projeke e mabifi le e kenyeletsang setjhaba. Sehlahiswa se seng se sa lebellwang sa projeke ena e bile kgolo ya ho se mamelle batho ba kantle ... Pefo kgahlanong le baahi ba kantle ho naha le baphaphathehi ba Afrika e se e atile haholo mme metse e arotswe ke bora le dipelaelo." [7]

Palo ya bajaki (e seng molaong le e molaong) hajwale Afrika Borwa ke taba e tsekwang. Kgopolo e tlwaelehileng ke ya palo e pakeng tsa dimilione tse 5 le tse 10.[1] Dipalopalo tsena di ka fumana motheo wa tsona dikgakanyong tsa Lekgotla la Dipatlisiso tsa Saense ya Botho, le ileng la qobellwa ho hula ditseko tsa lona tsa bafalli ba 4 ho isa ho 8 milione ba se nang ditokomane Afrika Borwa. Ha a ngolla Christian Science Monitor ka 2013, John Campbell o hlokomela hore dipalo tsena, leha ho le jwalo di ntse di sebeliswa hangata metjheng ya ditaba ya lehae, ho sa tsotellehe kgakanyo ya molao ya Statistics South Africa ya 500 000 ho isa ho 1 milione ya bafalli ba se nang diitokomane.[2]

Palo ya boraro e hlahisitswe ke Lenaneo la Dithuto tse Fokotsweng tsa Phalliso Univesithing ya Wits, le badileng paloyohle ya baahi ba kantle ho naha ba pakeng tsa 1.6 le 2 milione. Palo ena ya ho qetela e kenyelletsa matswantle a seng molaong le ba ngodisitsweng ka hara naha bao hammoho ba etsang diperesente tse 3 ho isa ho tse 4 tsa kakaretso ya baahi ba Afrika Borwa.  Ho fapana le hoo, palo e tshwaanang ya United States ke karolo ya 11 lekgolong.[3] Qetellong, palo ena ya baahi e nyane haholo ho feta kamoo ho bolelwang hangata - nnete e nang le ditlamorao tse kgolo ho leano la semmuso hammoho le maikutlo a setjhaba ho "melata" ya Afrika Borwa.

Boemo bo ikgetha, bo rarahane ebile bo tswela pele

Phuputso ena e ne e itshetlehile hodima phuputso ya baahi ho pholletsa le dinaha tseo e leng ditho tsa Southern African Development Community (SADC) mme ya fumana Maafrika Borwa a bontsha maikutlo a matla ka ho fetisisa kgahlanong le melata, moo diperesntse tse mashome a mabedi a motso o mong 21% diperesentse tse mashome a mabedi a metso e meng ya Maafrika Borwa a dumellanang le thibelo e felletseng ya ho kena kantle ho naha le 64% mashome a tsheletseng a metso e mene a dumellanang le dithibelo tse thata hodima dipalo tse dumelletsweng. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, karolo e latelang e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ya ba arabetseng e dumellanang le thibelo e feletseng ya bojaki e ne e le naha ya Namibia, le naha ya Botswana, e leng dipersente tse leshome.

Matswantle le Tshebeletso ya Sepolesa ya Afrika Borwa

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Baphaphathehi ba Burundi ba tshaba ho kopanngwa hape setjhabeng sa Afrika Borwa ba phelang ka thata, 2009

Phuputso ya selemo sa 2004 e entsweng ke Setsi sa Thuto ya Pefo le Poelano (CSVR) ea maikutlo a mapolesa sebakeng sa Johannesburg e fumane hore 87% ya ba arabelitseng ba dumela hore boholo ba bajaki ba se nang ditokomane Johannesburg ba ameha botlokotsebeng, leha ho se na bopaki ba dipalo-palo bo tiisang maikutlo ao. Maikutlo a jwalo hammoho le bofokodi ba bajaki ba seng molaong a lebisitse tlhekefetsong, ho kenyeletswa le peto le boshodu, ho latela bahlahlobisisi ba bang. [8]

Sebokeng sa Hlakubele selemong sa 2007 le Letona la Ditaba tsa Lehae Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula, moemedi wa baphaphathehi ba naha ya Burundi ba Durban o ile a bolela hore bajaki ba ke ke ba itshetleha ka mapolesa bakeng sa tshireletso, empa ho ena le hoo ba fumane mapolesa a ba tshwara hampe, a ba utswetsa mme a etsa diqoso tse sa netefatswang tsa hore ba rekisa dithethefatsi. Dilemo tse pedi pejana, sebokeng se tshwanang Johannesburg, Mapisa-Nqakula o ne a dumetse hore baphaphathehi le batho ba batlang setshabelo ba ne ba tshwarwa hampe ke mapolesa ka maikutlo a lehloyo la basele. [9]

Pefo pele ho Motsheanong selemong sa 2008

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Ho ya ka tlaleho ya Human Rights Watch ya selemo sa 1998, bajaki ba tswang naheng tsa Malawi, Zimbabwe le Mozambique ba dulang toropong ya Alexandra ba ile ba "hlaselwa mmeleng ka nako ya dibeke tse mmalwa ka Pherekgong selemong sa 1995, ha dihlopha tse hlometseng di ne di hlwaya bajaki ba belaellwang hore ha ba na ditokomane mme di ba isa seteisheneng sa mapolesa ka boiteko ba ho "hloekisa" toropo ho tlosa bajaki." [10] Letsholo lena, le tsejwang ka hore ke "Buyelekhaya" (kgutlela hae), le ile la beha bajaki molato ka botlokotsebe, ho hloka mosebetsi le ditlhaselo tsa thobalano.

Ka Lwetse selemong sa 1998, moahi wa naha ya Mozambique le baahi ba babedi ba naha ya Senegal ba ile ba lahlelwa ka ntle ho terene. Tlhaselo ena e entswe ke sehlopha se neng se kgutla kopanong se neng se beha basele molato ka ho hloka mosebetsi, tlolo ya molao le ho ata ha lefu la AIDS. [11]

Ka selemo sa 2000, basele ba supileng ba ile ba bolawa Cape Flats ka nako ya dibeke tse hlano ho seo mapolesa a se hlalositseng e le dipolao tse hlohlelletsang basele mohlomong tse susumetswang ke tshabo ea hore batho ba kantle ba tla nka thepa ya baahi ba moo. [12]

Ka Mphalane selemong sa 2001, baahi ba moaho o sa rerwang wa Zandspruit ba ile ba fa baahi ba naha ya Zimbabwe matsatsi a leshome ho tloha sebakeng seo. Ha baditjhaba ba hloleha ho tsamaya ka boithatelo, ba ile ba lelekwa ka mahahapa mme mekhukhu ya bona ya tjheswa mme ya utsuwa. Ditho tsa setjhaba di itse di halefile hore MaZimbabwe a ne a hirilwe ha baahi ba moo ba ntse ba se na mesebetsi mme ba beha baditjhaba molato ka ditlolo tse mmalwa tsa molao. Ha ho dikotsi tse tlalehilweng hara MaZimbabwe a amehileng. [13]

Bekeng ya ho qetela ya selemo sa 2005 le bekeng ya pele ya selemo sa 2006, bonyane batho ba bane, ho kenyeletswa le MaZimbabwe a mabedi, ba ile ba hlokahala sebakeng sa bodulo sa Olievenhoutbosch ka mora hore batho ba tswang diinaheng tse ding ba beoe molato ka lefu la monna wa moo. Mekhukhu ea batho ba tsoang dinaheng tse ding e ile ya cheswa mme baahi ba moo ba ile ba batla hore mapolesa a tlose bajaki bohle sebakeng seo.

Ka Phato selemong sa 2006, baphaphathehi ba naha ya Somalia ba ile ba ipiletsa bakeng sa tshireletso ka mora hore barekisi ba Somalia ba mashome a mabedi a motso o mong ba bolawe ka Phupu selemong seo le ba bang ba 26 ka Phato. Bafalli ba ne ba dumela hore dipolao tsena di susumeditswe ke lehloyo la bajaki, leha mapolesa a ile a hana polelo ya letsholo le kopaneng la ho leleka barekisi ba naha ya Somalia metseng e Kapa Bophirima. [14]

Ditlhaselo ho baahi ba kantle ho naha di eketsehile haholo mafelong a selemo sa 2007 mme ho dumelwa hore ho bile le bonyane ditlhaselo tse leshome le metso e mmedi pakeng tsa Pherekhong le Motsheanong selemong sa 2008. [15] Diketsahalo tse mpe ka ho fetisisa di etsahetse ka la 8 Pherekhong selemong sa 2008 ha beng ba mabenkele ba babedi ba Somalia ba bolawa ditoropong tsa Kapa Bochabela tsa Jeffreys Bay le East London, yaba ka Hlakubele selemong sa 2008 ha batho ba supileng ba bolawa ho kenyeletswa le MaZimbabwe, MaPakistan le moahi wa naha ya Somalia ka mora hore mabenkele le mekhukhu ya bona e tjheswe metseng ya Atteridgeville haufi le Pretoria . [15]

Merusu ya Motsheanong selemong sa 2008

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 Ka la 12 Motsheanong selemong sa 2008 letoto la merusu le ile la qala toropong ya Alexandra (karolong e ka leboya-botjhabela ya Johannesburg ) ha baahi ba moo ba hlasela bajaki ba tswang dinaheng tsa Mozambique, Malawi le Zimbabwe, ba bolaya batho ba babedi le ho lematsa ba bang ba mashome a mane. Ho tlalehilwe hore bahlasedi ba bang ba ne ba bina pina ya letsholo la Jacob Zuma ya Umshini Wami ( Zulu [16] Dibekeng tse latelang pefo e ile ya namela, pele dibakeng tse ding tsa bodulo Profinseng ya Gauteng, yaba e ya metseng e lebopong la lowatle la Thekong,Durban le Cape Town . [1] Ditlhaselo di ile tsa tlalehwa dikarolong tsa Southern Cape, [17] mme tsa phatlalla le di porofenseng tsa Mpumalanga, Leboya-Bophirima le Foreistata . [18]

Qetellong ya merusu, ho tlalehilwe hore batho ba mashome a tsheletseng a metso e mmedi ba shwele. Babelaellwa ba 1400 ba ile ba tshwarwa mabapi le pefo. Dikgwedi tse robong kamora ditlhaselo, batho ba 128 ba ne ba se ba ahlotswe mme ba mashome a metso e meraro ba fumanwe ba se na molato dinyeweng tse 105 tse phethilweng tsa lekgotla. Dinyewe tse 208 di ne di tlositswe mme tse 156 di ntse di mamelwa. Selemo kamora ditlhaselo, batjhotjhisi ba itse batho ba 137 lekgolo le mashome a mararo a metso e supileng ba ahlotswe, dinyewe tse 182 di tlositswe hobane dipaki kapa baqosi ba ne ba tlohile naheng, dinyewe tse mashome a mahlano a metse o mong di ne di ntse di tswela pele kapa di se di loketse nyewe mme tse mashome a robedi a metso e mmedi ne di rometswe bakeng sa dipatlisiso tse ding. Central Methodist Mission, Johannesburg e ile ea fetoha setshabelo sa ba bangata nakong ya merusu.

Ka Motsheanong selemong sa 2009, selemo kamora litlhaselo, Mokgatlo wa Baphaphathehi le Bajaki Afrika Borwa (Cormsa) o itse batho ba tswang dinaheng tse ding ba ntse ba le kotsing ya pefo le hore ho entsoe ho honyenyane ho rarolla disosa tsa ditlhaselo. Mokgatlo o ile wa tletleba ka ho hloka boikarabello bakeng sa ba ikarabellang bakeng sa pefo ya setjhaba, dipatlisiso tse sa lekaneng mabapi le bahlohlelletsi le ho hloka dipatlisiso tsa mmuso wa setjhaba.

Dilemo tsa 2009–12

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Leeto la ho lwantsha lehloyo la basele ka Letsatsi la Mandela la 2010, Cape Town

Mafelong a Motsheanong selemong sa 2009, ho ile ha hlaha ditlaleho mabapi le ho hlaha hape ha mesebetsi e amanang le lehloyo la basele le ho hlophisa ditlhaselo Kapa Bophirima. Ditlaleho tsa ditshokelo le diboka tsa lekunutu tsa bo-rakgweoebo ba lehae li ile tsa hlaha Gugulethu, Khayelitsha le Philippi, Cape Town . Samora Machel ho Filipi o ile a boela a hlaha e le ntlha ea bohlokwa. Gugulethu, ditlalaleho di ile tsa hlaha tsa diboka tsa lekunutu tsa bo-rakgwebo ba lehae ba buisanang ka seo ba lokelang ho se etsa ka barekisi ba mabenkele ba naha Somalia. Letsholo la Kgahlanong le ho Lelekwa ha Basele le ile la pepesa litaba tsena ka ho hlophisa letoto la diboka tsa kgahlanong le lehloyo la basele tse lekang ho fumana sesosa sa motheo sa koluoa. [19]

Ka Pudungwana selemong sa 2009, setjhaba sa basebetsi ba mapolasing ba Zimbabwe ba 1500-2500 se ile sa lelekoa ka mahahapa malapeng a bona metsaneng e sa reroang ya De Doorns, toropo ya temo ya morara Kapa Bophirima. Ha ho batho ba ileng ba hlaselwa mmeleng empa matlo a ile a lahlwa mme a utsuwa mme sena se ile sa lebisa ho falleng ho hoholo ha baahi ba kantle ho naha ho tloha ka Motsheanong sdelmong sa 2008. MaZimbabwe a ile a dula kampong ya batho ba falletsweng moo ba bang ba ileng ba dula selemo ho fihlela e kwalwa. Bafuputsi ba hlwaile karolo ya lekgotla la wate, Mpumelelo Lubisi, ho hlohlelletseng tlhaselo ka kopanelo le barekisi ba basebetsi ba sa reroang ba neng ba na le ditabatabelo tsa ditjhelete ho fediseng bahlodisani ba bona ba naha ya Zimbabwe. Basebetsi ba Afrika Borwa le bona ba qositse balemi ka ho hira MaZimbabwe mme ba ba putsa ka moputso o ka tlase ho bonyane (balemi le basebetsi ba Zimbabwe ba latotse sena).

Ka selemo sa 2010 boraditaba ba ile ba tla le dihlooho tse ngata tse bolelang hore ho tla ba le pefo e kgolo e rerilweng ya lehloyo la batswakwa qetellong ya Mohope wa Lefatshe wa Bolo ya Maoto wa selemo sa 2010. Leha ho le jwalo sena ha se a ka sa etsahala.

Ka Phupu selemong sa 2012 ho bile le ditlhaselo tse ntjha dikarolong tsa Cape Town le Botshabelo ho Foreistata.

"Qhobosheane ya Afrika Borwa"

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Meedi ya Afrika Borwa e ile ya fetolwa sesole. Ho ya ka Christopher McMichael: [20] 

Dilemo tsa 2013–19

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Ditlhaselo kgahlanong le bo-rakgwebo ba Somalia

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Setshwantsho sa kgahlanong le lehloyo la basele, Sekolo se Phahameng sa Harold Cressy, Cape Town 2014

Ka la 30 Motsheanong selemong sa 2013, Abdi Nasir Mahmoud Good ya dilemo di nashome a mabedi a metso e mehlano, o ile a tlepetswa ka majoe ho fihlela a shoa. Pefo e ile a nkuwa fonong ya selefouno mme ya arolelanwa Inthaneteng. [21]

Barekisi ba bararo ba Somalia ba ne ba bolailoe ka Phuptjane sa selemo sa 2013 mme mmuso wa Somalia o ile wa kopa balaodi ba Afrika Borwa ho etsa ho eketsehileng ho sireletsa baahi ba bona. Hara ba bolailweng ho ne ho ena le bara ba motho ba babedi bao ho thweng ba ile ba bolawa ka sehakwe. Ditlhaselo tsena di ile tsa lebisa sellong sa setjhaba le boipelaetso ba lefatshe ka bophara ba baahi ba Somalia ba tswang kantle ho naha, Cape Town, [22] London le Minneapolis .

Letona la Ditaba tsa Kantle ho Naha la Afrika Borwa, Maite Nkoana-Mashabane, o hlalositse "kgalemelo e matla ka ho fetisisa" ya mmuso bakeng sa pefo e boneng boshodu le lefu la morekisi wa lebenkele wa Somalia. Tonakholo ya naha ya Somalia , Abdi Farah Shirdon, o hlalositse kameho ya polokeho ya MaSomalia Afrika Borwa, a ipiletsa ho mmuso moo ho kenella ho emisa pefo kgahlanong le batho ba Somalia kamora ditlhaselo tse bolayang Pretoria le Port Elizabeth .

Ka la 7 Phuptjane selemong sa 2014, ho tlalehwa hore moahi wa naha ya Somalia, ya dilemong tsa hae tsa bo-50, o ile a tlepetswa ka majwe ho fihlela a eshwa mme ba bang ba babedi ba ile ba tswa dikotsi tse mpe ha letshwele le halefileng la baahi ba moo le hlasela lebenkele la bona katolosong ya 6, mantsiboya ka Moqebelo. MaSomalia a mang a mararo a ile a tswa dikotsi ka lebaka la ho thunngwa ha dithunya mme mabenkele a ile a utsuwa. [23]

Kamora potoloho e nngwee ya pefo ea lehloyo kgahlanong le bo-rakgwebo ba Somalia ka Mmesa ka selemo sa 2015, mmuso wa naha yaSomalia o phatlaladitse hore o tla leleka baahi ba yona Afrika Borwa.

Ditlhaselo tsa Mmesa selemong sa 2015

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Mokoloko kgahlanong le lehloyo la matswantle, Johannesburg, 23 Mmesa 2015

Ka Mmesa selemong sa 2015, ho bile le keketseho ya ditlhaselo tsa lehloyo la basele ho pholletsa le naha. Ditlhaselo di qalile Durban mme tsa namela Johannesburg. Morena wa Mazulu Goodwill Zwelithini o ile a qoswa ka ho mpefatsa ditlhaselo ka ho re basele ba lokela ho "kgutlela dinaheng tsa bona". Ho feta moo, basele, kaha ke sehlopha se senyenyane se se nang matla a dipolotiki, e ne e le diphofu tse bonolo tsa "bongata ba baahi ba basebetsi ba batsho." [24]

Baahi ba moo ba ile ba utswa mabenkele a basele mme ba hlasela bajaki ka kakaretso, ba qobella ba makholo ho fallela diteisheneng tsa mapolesa ho pholletsa le naha. Balaodi ba naha ya Malawi hamorao ba ile ba qala ho khutlisetsa baahi ba bona hae, mme mebuso e meng e mengata ya kantle ho naha le yona e ile ya phatlalatsa hore e tla ntsha baahi bayona. Batho ba fetang 300 ba ile ba tshwaoaroa. 18 Mmesa selemong sa 2015, raditshwantshwo wa Sunday Times, James Oatway, o ile a nka setshwantsho sa tlhaselo e sehloho ho monna wa naha ya Mozambique. Monna eo, Emmanuel Sithole, o hlokahetse ka lebaka la maqeba a hae. Babelaellwa ba bane ba ile ba tshwara aroa matsatsing a seng makae ka mora hore ho phatlalatswe dinepe kgatisong ya la 19 Mmesa ya lesedi la The Sunday Times ya polao ya morekisi wa seterateng wa naheng ya Mozambique Emmanuel Sithole toropong ya Alexandra letsatsing le fetileng. Lebitso selemongs sa la Sithole le ne le sa kenyelletswa lenaneng la semmuso la bahlaseduwa ba supileng ba bolailweng dotlhaselong tsa Mmesa selemong sa 2015, ho kenyeletswa Moethiopia, Momozambique, MoBangladesh, MoZimbabwean le Maafrika Borwa a mararo bao kaofela ba ileng ba bolaoa KwaZulu-Natala.

Ho sa tsotellehe tsitlallelo ya mmuso ya hore polao ya Sithole e ne e se ya lehloeo la basele, Sesole sa Naha sa Tshreletso sa Afrika Borwa (SANDF) se ile sa romeloa toropong ya Alexandra kamora ho phatlalatsoa ha ditshwantsho. Ka la 23 Mmesa baipelaetsi ba dikete tse mmalwa ba ile ba tsamaya bohareng ba Johannesburg ho ya ipelaetsa kgahlanong le letoto la ditlhaselo tse bolayang bajaki. Ba ile ba bina dipina tse nyatsang lehloyo la basele mme ba nkile difolakga tse ngotsweng "Kaofela re Maafrika" ha basebetsi ba bajaki ba ntse ba tletse mathule, ba hweletsa tshehetso ya bona. [25]

Ditlhaselo tsa Mphalane selemong sa 2015

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Ka Mphalane selemong sa 2015 ho bile le Ditlhaselo tse tswelang pele tsa lehloeo la basele Grahamstown, Kapa Botjhabela . Ho tlalehilwe hore batho ba fetang 500 ba ile ba baleha mahaeng a bona mme mabenkele le matlo a fetang 300 a ile a utsuwa, mme maemong a mang, a ile a timetswa ka ho feletseng. Ditlhaselong tsena Mamosleme a ne a reretswe ka ho kgetheha. [26] [27]

Ditlhaselo tsa lehloyo la basele tsa Grahamstown tse etsahetseng ka la 21 Mphalane selemong sa 2015, mme di tsamaellana le boipelaetso ba FeesMustFall Univesithing ya Rhodes, di nkile matsatsi a mmalwa.

Ditlhaselo tsena di hlohlellelitsoe ke boipelaetso ba bakhanni ba dlitekesi, moo bakganni ba neng ba ipelaetsa ka lebaka la boemo bo bobe ba ditsela, keketseho ya tlolo ya molao le menyenyetsi ya dipolao tse entsweng ke basele. Ditlhoko tsa bona e ne e le hore ramotse a etse ho hong ka ditletlebo tsa bona. Ditletlebo tsa bona ha lia ka tsa arajwa ke ramotse.

Ka la 21 Mphalane ka selemo sa 2015 bakganni ba ditekesi ba ile ba hlasela mabenkele a spaza a baahi ba Pakistan, Somalia, Bangladesh le Ethiopia ba Grahamstown. Ho bile le ho bokella batho ke bakhanni ba ditekesi, ka sepheo sa ho hlasela le ho utswa mabenkele a beng ba ditjhaba. Ho ne ho ena le menyenyetsi e neng e bolela hore batho ba tswang dinaheng tse ding ba ikarabella bakeng sa dipolao tse atileng toropong: hore "monna wa Moarabia o bolaile basadi mme a ba kgaola ditho" ho potoloha toropo le hore mapolesa ha a a etsa letho ho rarolla menyenyetsi ena. Baahi ba Grahamstown ditoropong ba ne ba halefetse mapolesa ka ho se etse letho ho fedisa menyenyetsi eo, le hoja ba ne ba lemositswe ke makhanselara hore baahi ba ka qetella ba inketse molao matsohong. Kahoo, ke menyenyetsi ena e ileng ya hlohlelletsa ditlhaselo ho batho ba tswang dinaheng tse ding.

Ka la 23 Mphalane, Masepala wa Makana o ile wa tshwara kopano ya toropo Holong ya Motse. Seboka se ne se shebane le kamoo masepala le mapolesa a Afrika Borwa ba tla kgutsisa baahi le ho sebetsana le boemo bona. Nakong ya seboka seo, ho ne ho se na moemedi wa sepolesa mme e mong wa makhanselara a wate o ile a boela a tiisa ditlhaselo ka maikutlo a lehloyo la baditjhaba a shebaneng le ho se fe baditjhaba sebaka sa ho ba le mabenkele a bona. Ditlhaselo di ile tsa tswela pele, ka bakganni ba ditekesi ba tsamaisang masholu mahala, ho ya ka baahi ba teropo ya Grahamstown.

Ditlaleho tse tsoang ho baahi di boletse hore maikutlo a mapolesa e ne e le a ho se tsotelle, mme ba bang ba ne ba nka karolo ho tlatlapeng. Tsamaiso ya ditlhaselo e ne e le ea maemo a holimo kaha ho ne ho e-na le mola seterateng sa Beaufort o neng o supa moo ho tlatlapuoa ho tla lumellwang le moo ho ke keng ha lumellwa. Kahoo, ho tlatlapuwa ho ne ho lumelloa toropong mme ho ne ho sa mamelloe toropong. Mapolesa a ile a khutsisa boemo feela mme a tsosolosa taolo kamora beke ea litlhaselo le ho tlatlapuoa. Ditlhaselo tsa lehloyo la basele Grahamstown li ne li fapane le litlhaselo tse tloaelehileng tsa lehloyo la basele Afrika Borwa kaha tse Grahamstown di ne di reretsoe haholo Mamosleme . Lebaka le ka sehloohong leo Mamosleme a neng a reretsoe ka lona e ne e le haholo-holo ka lebaka la menyenyetsi ea hore monna oa Moarabia o ne a ikarabella bakeng sa polao ea basali toropong.

Merusu ya Tshwane ya selemo sa 2016

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Ho tloha ka la 20 ho isa ho la 23 Phuptjane selemong sa 2016 leqhubu la merusu le ile la hlasela Motse wa Tshwane . Le hoja merusu ena e ne e bakwa ke ho se kgotsofale ha dipolotiki ka hare ho mokgatlo wa ANC, Masomalia, [28] MaPakistan le mabenkele a mang a nang le beng ba dinaha tse ding le dikgwebo tse nyane tse nyane di ne di reretswe ho utsuwa [29] mme baditjhaba ba mmalwa ba ile ba hlaselwa.

Boipelaetso ba Kgahlanong le Bofalli ba 2017

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Ka Labohlano la la 24 Hlakola selemong sa 2017, boipelaetso bo boholo le bo dumelletsweng ka molao kgahlanong le bajaki bo ile ba hlophiswam'me ba tshwarelwa Pretoria . Baipelaetsi ba ile ba ea Lefapheng la Ditaba tsa Kantle ho Naha mme ba fana ka boipiletso ho baemeli ba mmuso. Baipelaetsi ba ile ba qosa bajaki ka ho nka mesebetsi ho Maafrika Borwa, e leng se bakang tlōlo ya molao, 'me ba tletleba ka hore "[ba] ikgohomosa mme ha ba tsebe ho bua le batho, haholo-holo MaNigeria." Baipelaetsi ba 136 ba ile ba tšoaroa nakong ea leeto.

Merusu ea Durban ea 2019

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Ka la 25 Hlakubele selemong sa 2019 merusu ea lehloeo la bajaki e neng e lebisitse ho bajaki ba Maafrika e ile ea qhoma libakeng tsa Sydenham, Jadhu Place le Overport tsa Durban. Batho ba ka bang lekholo ba ile ba hlasela dikgwebo tse ruilweng ke baahi ba kantle ho naha, e leng se ileng sa fella ka hore batho ba ka bang 50 ba batle setshabelo seteisheneng sa mapolesa le mosque. Batho ba bararo ba ile ba bolaoa morusung oo. Puo e fanoeng ke Mopresidente Cyril Ramaphosa manifesto ea likhetho ea ANC bakeng sa likgetho tse akaretsang tsa Afrika Boroa tsa 2019 e ile ea qosoa ka ho kenya letsoho maikutlong a lehloeo la bajaki moo Ramaphosa a ileng a ikemisetsa ho hatella bajaki ba se nang ditokomane ba amehang diketsong tsa botlokotsebe. Ditlhaselo ho bajaki di ile tsa nyatsuoa ke mmuso wa Afrika Borwa le mekga ya dipolotiki hara mehoo ya ho netefatsa hore maikutlo a lehloyo la bajaki ha a sebelisoe bakeng sa merero ya dikgetho.

Merusu ya Johannesburg ya selemo sa 2019

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Ka la 1 Lwetse selemong sa 2019, merusu le bosholu bo neng bo lebisitse mabenkeleng a baahi ba kantle ho naha bo ile ba qhoma Jeppestown le Johannesburg CBD kamora lefu la mokhanni oa tekesi . [30] Ho fihlela ka la 3 Lwetse, mapolesa a ne a se a tshwere batho ba 189 ka lebaka la boshodu. Dikgwebo tse ka bang 50 tse neng di ruilwe haholo ke MaNigeria ho tsoa karolong e setseng wa khonthinente ho tlalehoa hore ho sentsoe kapa ho senyehile nakong ya sahalo ena. Merusu ena e tsamaellana le seteraeke sa bakhanni ba diteraka naheng ka bophara se neng se ipelaetsa khahlanong le ho hiroa ha bakhanni ba diteraka bao e seng ba Afrika Borwa. Kamora hore merusu e bakile mafu a 12 bekeng ea pele ya Lwetse, MaNigeria a 640 ho a hakanyetsoang ho 100,000 a Afrika Borwa a ile a ingolisa ho nka lifofane tsa mahala tse fanoang ke Nigeria ho khutlela naheng ea habo bona. Merusu ena e ile ea lebisa boipelaetsong ba ho lula fatše Greenmarket Square, Cape Town ke baphaphathehi ba batlang ho fallisetsoa naheng ea boraro kantle ho Afrika Borwa le naheng enngwe ntle le ea bona. [31]

Ditlaleho tsa ditlhaselo tsa lehloyo la basele tse neng di lebisitse ho bakganni ba diteraka tsa kantle ho naha le basele ba bang [32] Ditlalehilwe nakong ya merusu ya Afrika Borwa wa 2021 .

Operation Dudula

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Ditlaleho tsa tlhekefetso ea barekisi ba bajaki Soweto le Johannesburg ke sehlopha se bitsoang " Operation Dudula " (e bolelang: " ho sutumelletsa " kapa " ho tlosa ka likhoka " ka Sezulu ) di qadile ho hlaha bohareng ba Pherekhong 2022. Sena se ile sa etelloa pele ke letshoolo la mecha ea litaba ea sechaba ka Phuptjane selemong sa 2020 le ipiletsang hore ho nkoe khato khahlanong le bajaki tlas'a folakha ea Operation Dudula. Setsi sa Tsietsi Mashinini se Soweto, se tsebahalang e le setšabelo sa baphaphathehi le baahi ba kantle ho naha, se ile sa hlaseloa ke batšehetsi ba Operation Dudula ka la 6 Hlakola 2022. Ka la 12 le la 13 Hlakola selemong sa 2022 baahi ba Soweto le Alexandra ba ile ba ea Hillbrow le Orange Grove tlasa folakga ya Operation Dudula ho tlosa bajaki ka dikgoka ba bolela hore baahi ba kantle ho naha ba se nang ditokomane ba ikarabella bakeng sa maemo a ntseng a eketseha a tlolo ea molao le liketso tse ditshila tse kang ho rekisa dithethefatsi le botekatse. Sekgahla se phahameng sa ho hloka mosebetsi le kgaello ea menyetla ea moruo bakeng sa baahi ba Afrika Borwa le tsona li qotsitswa e le ditletlebo ke sehlopha. Mapolesa a ile a qhalakanya baipelaetsi ba Operation Dudula ka likhoka e leng se ileng sa fella ka likhohlano dipakeng tsa dihlopha tsena tse peli.

Dudula Movement

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Dudula Movement, ke mokgatlo o tshwanang le wa Operation Dudula, o hlahile hoo e ka bang ka nako e le nngoe Alexandra, Johannesburg. E sebetsa e le mokhatlo o sireletsang, e shebane le baahi ba kantle ho naha bao litho tsa yona di dumelang hore ha ba na ditokomane. Sehlopha sena se 'nile sa qosoa ka ho shebana le baahi ba batsho feela ba kantle ho naha. Ditho tsa mokgatlo di hlahisitse litletlebo ka ho hloka molao, ho hloka mosebetsi le ho hloka menyetla ea moruo e le mabaka a ho ikopanya.

Mofumahatsana wa Afrika Borwa selemo sa 2024

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Tlholisanong ya Miss South Africa ya selemo sa 2024, Chidimma Vanessa Onwe Adetshina, ya ileng a fihla ho boemo ba 9 , o ile a tobana le kgang mabapi le ho tšoaneleha ha hae. Diqoso di ile tsa hlaha mabapi le ho fumana boahi ba Afrika Borwa ha 'm'ae le ka lebaka la hore ntate oa hae ke moahi wa Nigeria, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore ho etswe dipatlisiso ke Lefapha la Litaba tsa Lehae, le ileng la fumana bopaki ba pele ba bolotsana bo ka bang teng ba boitsebiso. Setjhaba se ile sa pheha kgang ea hore boahi ba Adetshina ha boa ka ba mo thibela ho emela naha, ha ba bang ba ile ba pheha kgang ya hore lefa la hae la Nigeria le lokela ho mo thibela ho qothisana lehlokoa. Phuputso e ile ya etsa hore Adetshina a ikhule tlholisanong, a qotsa matshenyeho a tšireletso le boiketlo a khetholloang ke basele. [33] [34]

Phehisano ena e ile ea hotetsa ngangisano e pharaletseng mabapi le boahi, boitsebiso le boemeli Afrika Borwa. Lefapha la Ditaba tsa Lehae le ile la sebetsana le qabang mabapi le botjhaba ba Adetshina. Puisanong le Clement Manyathela ho 702 News, Motlatsi wa Letona la Lefapha la Ditaba tsa Lehae Njabulo Nzuza o hlalositse metheo ya boahi joalokaha e hlalositswe ke Molao wa Boahi ba Afrika Borwa. O hlalositse hore boahi bo ka fumanwa ka tswalo, lefa, kapa ho ba moahi oa naha. Ka ho khetheha, o hlokometse hore boahi hangata bo fanoa ke jus soli kapa jus sanguinis .

Letona la Dipapali, Bonono le Setso Gayton McKenzie o ile a nyatsuwa ka maikutlo a lehloyo la basele le a ho se rate Afrika ka mora hore a lebohe sesesi sa Afrika Borwa se tswang Yuropa hara Adetshina se neng se qothisana lehlowoa tlholisanong. Pele ho moo, ho thwe McKenzie o ile a pheha kgang ya hore Adetshina, le hoja a hlahetse Afrika Borwa, a ke ke a nkuwa e le Moafrika Borwa ka lebaka la mabitso a hae a Nigeria, a hanyetsanang le Molao wa Boahi wa Afrika Borwa. O ile a boela a bolela hore batho ba tswang Nigeria le Mozambique ha baa lokela ho emela Afrika Borwa tlholisanong ya Miss South Africa, le hoja ho amohetswe mohlodisani wa setso sa India, e le Miss Universe South Africa selemong sa 2023. Kamora ho arabela ka tsela e mpe, McKenzie o ile a phatlalatsa hore o tla batlisisa boemo ba boahi ba Adetshina ho netefatsa boitsebiso ba hae ba Afrika Borwa mme a re o tla kopa tshwarelo feela haeba diphuputso di ka tiisa boahi ba hae.

Mopresidente wa Mokgatlo wa Baahi ba naha ya Nigeria wa Afrika Borwa (NICASA), Frank Onyekwelu o lokollotse polelo e tshehetsang Adetshina, a mo rorisa e le lenģosa la nnete la kgotso. O totobalitse hore ho nka karolo ha hae tlhodisanong ho bile bohlokwa ho ntshetseng pele bonngoe le ho fetisa melaetsa ea mamello, ho lwantsha kgethollo ya morabe, kgethollo le lehloeo. Ka ho tshehetsa Adetshina, Mopresidente oa NICASA o totobaditse bohlokoa ba ho amohela mefuta-futa le ho kgothalletsa ho kenyeletswa, a hlokomela hore ho nka karolo ha hae ho ka susumetsa maikutlo a setjhaba ka tsela e ntle le ho ntlafatsa dikamanodi dipakeng tsa dithaba. [35]

Boipelaetso ba selemo sa 2026 kgahlanong le basele

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Ka Pherekhong selemong sa 2026 litho tsa Operation Dudula di ile tsa hapa sekolo mme tsa thibela batho ba tsoang linaheng lisele ho kena. Ka Motsheanong selemong sa 2026 dipontsho tse hlometseng di ile tsa qhoma Afrika Borwa khahlanong le seo ba se bitsang "basele ba seng molaong", baipelaetsi ba Johannesberg ba ne ba tla tseba hore na motho ya emeng ke mojaki pele ba ba hlasela. Sehlopha sa " Baahi ba amehileng le bakgethi ba SA " se ipilelitse hore ho kwalwe naha ka bophara ka la nne Motsheanong mme se batla hore baahi ba dinaha tse ding ba nang le ditokomane kapa ba se nang ditokomane ba kgutliswe. [36]

Ka la 3 Motsheanong, bajaki ba bahlano ba Ethiopia ba ile ba bolawa letotong la ditlhaselo tse hlorisang bajaki Johannesburg, bao ba bararo ba bona ba ileng ba thunngoa ka hara reschorente ya McDonald's . [37]

Ka la 4 Motsheanong, Letona la Ditaba tsa Kantle ho Naha la Nigeria Bianca Odumegwu-Ojukwu o phatlaladitse hore o qadile "tshebetso ya boithaopo" ea ho kgtlisa baahi ba bona ba lekgolo le mashome a mahlano, a eketsa ka hore MaNigeria a mabedi a bolailwe diketsahalong tse amanang le basebetsi ba tshireletso ba Afrika Borwa kgweding e fetileng. [38]

Ka la 13 Motsheanong, Letona la Ditaba tsa Kantle ho Naha la Ghana, Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa, le ile la phatlalatsa merero ya ho leleka baahi ba ka bang makgolo a mararo Afrika Borwa kamora litlhaselo tse reretsoeng bajaki ba Afrika ba ka borwa ho Sahara. Sehlopha sa pele sa baahi ba Ghana ba makgolo a mararo ba ileng ba lelekwa Afrika Borwa se fihlile Boema-fofane ba Matjhaba ba Accra ka la 27 Motsheanong, mme sa amohelwa ke Letona la Ditaba tsa Kantle ho Naha, Hlooho ya Basebetsi le bahlanka ba bang ba mmuso. [39]

Ka la 2 Phuptjane, Mozambique e tlaleha hore baahi ba eona ba bahlano ba bolailwe nakong ya pefo khahlanong le bojaki Mossel Bay, Western Cape, Afrika Boroa, bekeng ena hammoho le ba babedi ha ba ntse ba leka ho kgutlela naheng ya habo bona. Mozambique e boletse hore baahi ba Mozambique ba fetang makgolo a mararo ba kgutletse hae ka mekgwa ya bona ka Moqebelo le hore ba bang ba makgolo a mahlano ba tla kgutlisetswa hae ho tloha ka Mantaha.

Dikarabelo

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Letona la Ntshetsopele ya Dikgwebo tse Nyane tsa Afrika Borwa , Lindiwe Zulu, o itse beng ba dikgweebo tsa kantle ho naha ba ke ke ba lebella ho phela hammoho ka khotso le beng ba dikgwebo tsa lehae ntle le haeba ba arolelana diphiri tsa bona tsa khoebo. Ho ya ka Zulu, beng ba dikgweebo tsa kantle ho naha ba ne ba le monyetla ho feta beng ba dikgwebo tsa Afrika Boroa ka lebaka la ho kgeswa tlasa kgethollo ya morabe. "Ba ke ke ba itshireletsa mme ba se ke ba arolelana mekgwoa ea bona le beng ba dikgweebo tsa lehae," ho boletse Zulu. Maikutlo a ile a amohelwa ke kgalemelo e pharalletseng. [40] [41]

Phuputso e entsweng ke Khomishene ya Ditlhōlisano – molaodi oa naha ya kgahlanong le ho se tshepane, e bontshitse hore phapang ya tshebetso dipakeng tsa beng ba dikgweebo ba kantle ho naha le ba lehae e bakile maikutlo a hore batho ba tsoang kantle ho naha ba atlehile ho feta batho ba moo. Leha ho se letho le phoso ka ho hlahloba matla a tlholdsano, khopolo-taba ya hore beng ba dikgwebo ba kantle ho naha ke bona ba lokelang ho jariswa molato ka ho putlama ha dikgweebo tse nyane tse ruuoang ke Afrika Borwa e ne e tshwenya.

Vanya Gastrow, mofuputsi ya tswang Setsing sa Afrika sa Bofalli Johannesburg, o phatlalalitse phuputso ea nyeoe mabapi le moruo wa barekisi ba banyenyane Afrika Borwa. Phuputso e bitswang "Somalinomics", e hlalositse mekhoa ya kgwebo ea barekisi ba Somalia Afrika Borwa. Ho ya ka Gastrow, barekisi ba bangata ba banyenyane ba tswang dinaheng tse ding ba beha letshwao le tlase ho etsa phetoho e kgolo, ba fumana dikgwebo tsa bona dibakeng tse tsamayang ka maoto tse nang le barekisi ba bangata, ba bula esale pele mme ba kwala morao haholo mme ba na le mefuta e mengata ea lihlahiswa. Palo ya bajaki (e seng molaong le e molaong) hajwale Afrika Borwa ke taba e tsekoang. Kgopolo e tlwaelehileng ke ya palo e pakeng tsa dimilione tse 5 le tse 10. Dipalopalo tsena di ka fumana motheo wa tsona dikgakanyong tsa Lekhotla la Dipatlisiso tsa Saense ya Botho, le ileng la qobellwa ho hula ditseko tsa lona tsa bafalli ba 4 ho isa ho 8 milione ba se nang ditokomane Afrika Borwa. Ha a ngolla Christian Science Monitor ka selemo sa 2013, John Campbell o hlokomela hore dipalo tsena, leha ho le jwalo di ntse di sebeliswa hangata metjheng ya litaba ya lehae, ho sa tsotellehe kgakanyo ya molao ya Statistics South Africa ya 500 000 ho isa ho 1 milione ya bafalli ba se nang litokomane.


Palo ya boraro e hlahisitswe ke Lenaneo la Dithuto tse Fokotsweng tsa Phalliso Univesithing ya Wits, le badileng paloyohle ya baahi ba kantle ho naha ba pakeng tsa 1.6 le 2 milione. Palo ena ea ho qetela e kenyelletsa bajaki ba seng molaong le ba ngolisitsoeng ka hara naha bao hammoho ba etsang liperesente tse 3 ho isa ho tse 4 tsa kakaretso ea baahi ba Afrika Borwa.  Ho fapana le hoo, palo e tšoanang ea United States ke karolo ya 11 lekgolong. Qetellong, palo ena ea baahi e nyane haholo ho feta kamoo ho bolelwang hangata - nnete e nang le ditlamorao tse kgolo ho leano la semmuso hammoho le maikutlo a setjhaba ho "basele" ba Afrika Borwa.

Boemo bo ikgetha, bo rarahane ebile bo tswela pele

Palo ya bajaki (e seng molaong le e molaong) hajoale Afrika Borwa ke taba e tsekwang. Kgopolo e tloaelehileng ke ea palo e pakeng tsa dimilione tse 5 le tse 10. Dipalopalo tsena di ka fumana motheo oa tsona dikgakanyong tsa Lekgotla la Dipatlisiso tsa Saense ya Botho, le ileng la qobellwa ho hula ditseko tsa lona tsa bafalli ba 4 ho isa ho 8 milione ba se nang ditokomane Afrika Borwa. Ha a ngolla Christian Science Monitor ka selemo sa 2013, John Campbell o hlokomela hore dipalo tsena, leha ho le jwalo li ntse li sebediswa hangata metjheng ya ditaba ea lehae, ho sa tsotellehe kgakanyo ea molao ea Statistics South Africa ya 500 000 ho isa ho 1 milione ya bafalli ba se nang ditokomane.


Palo ya boraro e hlahisitswe ke Lenaneo la Dithuto tse Fokotsweng tsa Phalliso Univesithing ya Wits, le badileng paloyohle ya baahi ba kantle ho naha ba pakeng tsa 1.6 le 2 milione. Palo ena ea ho qetela e kenyelletsa bajaki ba seng molaong le ba ngolisitsweng ka har'a naha bao hammoho ba etsang diperesente tse 3 ho isa ho tse 4 tsa kakaretso ea baahi ba Afrika Borwa.  Ho fapana le hoo, palo e tšoanang ea United States ke karolo ya 11 lekholong.Qetellong, palo ena ea baahi e nyane haholo ho feta kamoo ho boleloang hangata - nnete e nang le ditlamorao tse kholo ho leano la semmuso hammoho le maikutlo a sechaba ho "basele" ba Afrika Borwa.

Boemo bo ikgetha, bo rarahane ebile bo tswela pele

Mokgatlo wa Kgaso wa Afrika Borwa o entse puisano le mohlahlobi wa metjha ea litaba ea setjhaba Preetesh Sewraj e ileng ea lemosa ka tšusumetso ea lipale tsa bohata tse neng li sebediswa ho baka tšabo har'a Maafrika Borwa. [42]

Dipolelo tsa lehloyo la basele li ne di atisa ho etsoa ke bo-radipolotiki ba tswang mekheng e mengata ea dipolotiki nakong ya dikgetho tse akaretsang tsa Afrika Borwa tsa selemo sa 2019. Sena se matlafetse ha mokha o busang o ipeha kotsing ya ho lahlehelwa ke puso ea oona ea libaka tsa dipolotiki mme mekha e tsoang tsohle tse itshetlehile ka melaetsa e kgahlanong le bajaki ho matlafatsa tshehetso ya dikgetho. Boholo ba mokgatlo wa lehae bo bonahala bo thehilwe mathateng a ho laola litekete tse ruisang tsa ditoropo. Archived

Radipolotiki Herman Mashaba le mokga wa hae wa dipolotiki wa ActionSA ba ntse ba buella boemo bo thata kgahlanong le bojaki bo fellang ka diqoso tsa mekga e meng ya dipolotiki tsa hore e hloile bajaki kapa e tshehetsa maikutlo a lehloyo la bajaki. Tse ding tsa dipolelo tsa Mashaba di amahantswe ke mekgatlo ya setjhaba ya Amnesty International le Right2Know le ketsahalo ya ditlhaselo tsa lehloyo la bajaki le maikutlo a kgahlanong le bajaki. Ntle le mekga ya dipolotiki ya ActionSA jwalo ka ANC, Congress of the People, DA, Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), Freedom Front Plus, IFP, le Patriotic Alliance kaofela di entse dipolelo kapa di entse diketso tse nkuwang e le lehloyo la bajaki kapa tse bontshang maikutlo a lehloyo la bajaki.

Molao

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Molao wa Baphaphathehi wa selemo sa 1998 qalong o ne o file ba batlang setshabelo ditokelo tse kgolo, leha ho le joalo ditokelo tsena di ile tsa fokotswa diphetohong tse ileng tsa fetiswa hamorao ka selemo sa 2008, 2011, le 2017. [43] Tokelo ya baphaphathehi ea tlhokomelo ea bophelo le thuto ya motheo e tlositsoe, tokelo ya bona ya ho batla mosebetsi e fokotsehile haholo, mme baphaphathehi jwale ba tlameha ho dula naheng ka dilemo tse 10 ho etsa kopo ya bodulo ba Kamehla . Ho phaella moo, baphaphathehi ba batlang setshabelo ba hanelwa haeba ba kena naheng ka kou e sa tsejweng ea ho kena, kapa ba hlōleha ho itlaleha Ofising ya Baamohedi ba Baphaphathehi matsatsing a 5 kamora ho kena naheng. [44]

Ka selemosa 2020 mmuso wa Profense ya Gauteng o ile wa sisinya Bili ya Ntshetsopele ya Moruo ya Toropo ya Gauteng e batlang ho thibela dikgwebo tse tsamaiswang ke baahi ba dinaha tse ding ntle le bodulo ba semmuso ba naheng ya Afrika Borwa ho sebetsa dikgwebong tse sa rerwang tsa provense. Batshehetsi ba bili ba re e tla fokotsa lehloyo la baditjhaba ka ho hlakisa melao ya taolo eo baditjhaba ba qoswang ka hore ba e tlola kgafetsa ha ba nyatsang bili ba re ho shebana ha yona ka ho hlaka le baditjhaba ka bohona ke lehloyo la baditjhaba mme e dumella lehloyo la baditjhaba.

Ka Hlakubele selemong sa 2022, Letona la Mesebetsi le Basebetsi Thulas Nxesi o ile a hlahisa moralo wa Leano la Naha la Bofalli ba Basebetsi o behang sistimi ya quota e fokotsang palo ya baahi ba kantle ho naha ba hirilweng makaleng a itseng a moruo. Molao o hlophisitsweng o nyatsitswe e le lehloyo la basele. [45]

Bona hape

[fetola | fetola mohloli]

Mehlodi

[fetola | fetola mohloli]
  1. 1 2 3 From 'Foreign Natives' to 'Native Foreigners': Explaining Xenophobia in Post-Apartheid South Africa, Michael Neocosmos, CODESRIA, Dakar, 2010
  2. ↑ "South Africa: Events of 2008". World Report 2009. Human Rights Watch. 14 January 2009.
  3. ↑ "Attacks on foreigners spread in South Africa; weekend violence feared". Los Angeles Times. 17 April 2015. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  4. 1 2 Tamir, Christine; Budiman (3 May 2019). "In South Africa, racial divisions and pessimism about democracy loom over elections". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  5. ↑ Jonny Steinberg. "ISS Monograph No 117: Mozambican and Congolese Refugees in South Africa: A mixed reception" (PDF). Institute for Security Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
  6. ↑ Klotz, Audie (2000). "Migration after Apartheid: Deracialising South African Foreign Policy". Third World Quarterly. 21 (5): 831–847. doi:10.1080/014365900750012007. ISSN 0143-6597. JSTOR 3993621. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  7. ↑ Jonathan Crush and Wade Pendleton. "South African Migration Project 30: Regionalizing Xenophobia? Citizen Attitudes to Immigration and refugee policy in Southern Africa" (PDF). Institute for Democracy in South Africa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  8. ↑ Themba Masuku. "Targeting Foreigners: Xenophobia among Johannesburg's police". Institute for Security Studies (Crime Quarterly No 15, 2006). Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
  9. ↑ "Minister slams treatment of refugees by cops". Independent Online. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
  10. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7407914.stm
  11. ↑ Nahla Valji. "Creating the Nation: The Rise of Violent Xenophobia in the New South Africa" (PDF). Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
  12. ↑ "Xenophobic attacks: seven die in one month". Independent Online. Archived from the original on 2 August 2002. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
  13. ↑ "Raging mob evicts Zimbabweans, burns homes". Independent Online. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
  14. ↑ "Somali's turn to HRC as murder toll soars". Independent Online. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
  15. 1 2 "Recent attacks tip of xenophobic iceberg". TheTimes.co.za. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
  16. ↑ "What the U.S. press got wrong about South Africa's xenophobic riots". Slate Magazine. 20 June 2008. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  17. ↑ "Cape mounts relief effort as xenophobia spreads". SABC. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2008.
  18. ↑ "South Africa army mobilises to quell mob violence". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
  19. ↑ "Tension brewing in townships over foreigners". Cape Argus. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  20. ↑ "The re-militarisation of South Africa's borders". openDemocracy. 20 July 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2026.
  21. ↑ "Somalia demands action over brutal killing". Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  22. ↑ "London Somalis protest at South African embassy against killing". Demotix. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  23. ↑ "Two dead in xenophobic attacks in S. Africa". World Bulletin. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  24. ↑ Dippenaar, Jacques (2015). "When Xenophobia Rears Its Ugly Head: A Challenge to Responsible and Responsive Governance" (PDF). Good Governance Learning Network: 26.
  25. ↑ "Thousands protest against anti-immigrant riots in S. Africa". Arab News. 24 April 2015. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  26. ↑ The languages of xenophobia in post-apartheid South Africa: Reviewing migrancy, foreignness, and solidarity, Agenda, Camalita Naicker, 2016
  27. ↑ Xenophobia in Grahamstown: 'We are not leaving!', KJ VAN RENSBURG, F MTHONTI & M ERSKOG, The Daily Maverick, 29 October 2015
  28. ↑ Digital, TMG. "Security minister admits ANC members sparked Tshwane riots". Rand Daily Mail. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  29. ↑ Nkosi, Bongani. "Shops remain shut in Tshwane as protests, looting subside". Times LIVE. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  30. ↑ Haffajee, Ferial (2 September 2019). "BATTLEFIELD JOZI: City in lockdown as looters target migrant-rich areas across Johannesburg and East Rand". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  31. ↑ Palm, Kaylynn. "'We need to leave this country': Foreign nationals in CT call on UN for help". ewn.co.za. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  32. ↑ Felix, Jason. "Zuma Unrest: SSA looking at possibilities of xenophobic violence and right-wing extremism". News24. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  33. ↑ Molapo, Maki. "Prima facie evidence that Chidimma Adetshina's mother may have committed fraud, identity theft - Home Affairs". EWN. Archived from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  34. ↑ "Chidimma Adetshina citizenship: Home Affairs for South Africa release preliminary findings on Miss SA contestant". BBC News Pidgin. 7 August 2024. Archived from the original on 5 September 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  35. ↑ Akhimien, Nosakhale (23 July 2024). "Miss South Africa 2024: Finalist Chidimma Adetshina faces xenophobic backlash". Premium Times. Archived from the original on 1 September 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  36. ↑ Xenophobic tensions are escalating in South Africa. Brut Africa. Retrieved 14 May 2026 – via www.youtube.com.
  37. ↑ Admin (1 May 2026). "At Least Five Ethiopians Killed As Xenophobic Attack Resurge In South Africa". Borkena. Retrieved 14 May 2026.
  38. ↑ "Nigeria evacuating 130 citizens from S. Africa after attacks". dw.com. Retrieved 14 May 2026.
  39. ↑ "300 Ghanaians arrive home from South Africa". Graphic Online. 28 May 2026. Retrieved 4 June 2026.
  40. ↑ "Foreign business owners are not the enemy". Mail & Guardian. 2 February 2015. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  41. ↑ Pilane, Pontsho (28 January 2015). "Small business minister wants spaza-shop trade secrets". The Daily Vox. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  42. ↑ Looking at the spread of fake news on social media, 5 September 2019, archived from the original on 3 November 2019, retrieved 10 September 2019
  43. ↑ Moyo, Khangelani (18 November 2021). "South Africa Reckons with Its Status as a Top Immigration Destination, Apartheid History, and Economic Challenges". migrationpolicy.org. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  44. ↑ "EDITORIAL: Legitimising xenophobia". BusinessLIVE. 8 October 2020. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020
  45. ↑ "Foreign business owners are not the enemy". Mail & Guardian. 2 February 2015. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.

Ho bala ho eketsehileng

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  • Adam, Heribert, le Kogila Moodley, bahlophisi. Tokoloho e inahaneloang: Lehloyo la Basele, boahi le boitsebiso Afrika Boroa, Jeremane le Canada (African Sun Media, 2015). inthaneteng
  • Akinola, Adeoye O. mohlophisi. Moruo oa Lipolotiki oa Lehloeo la Basele Afrika (Springer, 2018) 128pp.
  • Gordon, Steven Lawrence. "Ho utloisisa tlōlo ya molao ya lehloyo la basele Afrika Borwa." Journal of Public Affairs 20.3 (2020): e2076.
  • Gordon, Steven. "Dikhetho tsa baahi bakeng sa ho sebetsana le pefo ya lehloyo la basele maemong a Afrika: Thuto ea nyeoe ea Afrika Borwa." Khotso le Khohlano: Journal of Peace Psychology (2021).
  • Kerr, Philippa, Kevin Durrheim, le John Dixon. "Pefo ea lehloeo la basele le puo ya ntwa Afrika Boroa." Journal of Asian and African Studies 54.7 (2019): 995–1011. inthaneteng Archived
  • Landau, Loren B., bahlophisi. 'Ho Leleka Mademona ka Hare: Lehloyo la Basele, Pefo le Boqhetseke ba Puso Afrika Borwa ya Kajeno.' (Wits University Press, 2011) Archived
  • Makhado, Mashudu Peter, le Tshifhiwa Rachel Tshisikhawe. "Kamoo Thuto ya Kgethollo e Kgothalitseng le ho Matlafatsa Bochaba le Lehloeo la Basele Afrika Borwa." ho Tšusumetso ea Bojaki le Lehloeo la Basele Nts'etsopele Afrika (IGI Global, 2021) maq. 131–151.
  • Mudau, Tshimangadzo Selina, le Fumane Portia Khanare. "Xenophobia in Education Higher in South Africa." ho Tshusumetso ea Bojaki le Lehlohonolo la Xenophobia ho Tsoelo-pele ea Afrika (IGI Global, 2021) maq. 173–187.
  • Neocosmos, Michael. Ho tloha ho 'Matsoalloa a Linaha Tse Ding' ho ea ho Matswalloa a Dinaha Tse Ding': Ho Hlalosa Lehloeo la Basele Afrika Boroa ka Mora Kgethollo, Boahi le Botjhaba, Boitsebiso le Dipolotiki (2010).
  • Nyamnjoh, Francis B. Batho ba ka Hare le ba ka Ntle: Boahi le Lehloyo la Bajaki Afrika Borwa ya Kajeno (Zed, 2006)
  • Tafira, Hashi Kenneth. Lehloyo la Basele Afrika Borwa: Nalane (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).
  • Tarisayi, Kudzayi Savious, le Sadhana Manik. "Phephetso e sa feleng: Pontšo ea mecha ea phatlalatso ea lehloeo la basele Afrika Boroa." Cogent Arts & Humanities 7.1 (2020): 1859074. inthaneteng Archived
E tswa ho "https://st.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lehloyo_la_melata_le_matswantle_Afrika_Borwa&oldid=40332"