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Merusu ya Soweto

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Sehopotso sa merusu ya Soweto

Phetohelo ya Soweto, hape e tsebahalang ka merusu ya Soweto e ne e le letoto la boipelaetso le boipelaetso bo neng bo etelletswe pele ke Bana ba sekolo ba batho batsho naheng ya Aforika Borwa nakong ya mmuso wa kgatello kapa kgethollo ya merabe e ileng ya qala hoseng ka letsatsi la 16 Phuptjane 1976.[1]

Baithuti ba ne ba tswa dikolong tse fapaneng ba ile ba qala ho ipelaetsa mmileng ya motse wa Soweto moo ba neng ba arabela ka ho kenngwa leleme la Se-Afrikaans, e ne e nkwa ke batho ba bangata ba batsho e le "puo yaa bahatelli", e le mokhwa wa ho ruta dikolong tsa batho ba batsho esebediswa jwalonka puo eka pele dithutong .[2]Baithuti ba ka bang dikete tse mashome a mabedi ho utlwahala ba ile ba nka karolo mohwantong. Ba ile ba kopana le maponesa a sehlooho moo bongata ba baithuti ba ileng ba kopana le dikulo ba thunya leho bolawa. Palo hare ya baithuti ba bolailweng morusung wa Soweto e ballwa ho lekgolo le mashome a supileng le metso e tsheletseng mme mehlodi e meng yona e re dipalo palo di ka ballwa ho makgolo a supileng.[3]Diketsahalo tsena di bile karolo ya bohlokwa ntweng ho ya ho lwantsha kgethollo ya merabe kaha di ile tsa tsosa kganyetso kgahlanong le kgethollo ya morabe Afrika Borwa ka bobedi naheng ya Aforika Borwa le matjhabeng. Ho hopoleng ketsahalo tsa letsatsi leo ,16 Phuptjane ke letsatsi la phomolo naheng ya Aforika Borwa ,mme le bitswa Tsatsi la batjha Matjhabeng , Letsatsi la 16 Phuptjane le tsebahala e le Letsatsi la Batjha la Afrika (DAC) .[4][5]

Sesosa

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Senepe sa kgethollo ya merabe

Baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng sa Aforika Borwa sa batho ba batsho Soweto ba ile ba ipelaetsa kgahlanong le Molao wa Se-Afrikaans Medium wa selemo sa 1974, o ileng wa qobella dikolo tsohle tsa batho ba batsho ho sebelisa Afrikaans le Senyesemane ka mokhwa o lekanang e le dipuo tse ka pele pele thutong.[6]Ho amahangwa ha Afrikaans le kgethollo ya merabe ho ile ha etsa hore batho ba batsho ba naheng ya Aforika Borwa ba kgethe Senyesemane.E ka sita le Bantustan ba ile ba kgetha Senyesemane le puo tse ding tsa Aforika Borwa e le puo tsa semmuso.Taelo ya molao wa 1974 o ne o reretswe ho qobella ho se kaba le ho fokotseha ha Seafrikanse ka hara batho ba batsho ba Afrika.Mmuso o neng o buswa ke Maafrikanere o ile wa sebedisa polelwana ya Molao wa Union of South Africa wa selemo sa 1909 o neng o amohela Senyesemane le Madache feela, mme wa ho qetela wa nkelwa sebaka ke Afrikaans ka 1925, e le dipuo tsa molao e le boikaketsi. [7]Dikolo tsohle di ile tsa tlameha ho fana ka thuto ka Seafrikanse le Senyesemane e le dipuo, empa baithuti ba batho ba basweu ba Aforika Borwa ba ile ba ithuta dithuto tse ding ka puo ya bona ya lapeng eleng afrikaanse.

Motsamaisi wa Lebatowa wa Thuto ya Bantu (Lebatowa la Transvaal Leboya), J.G. Erasmus, o ile a bolella Bahlahlobi ba dikolo le Baetapele ba dikolo hore ho tloha ka la 1 Pherekgong 1975, Se-afrikanse se ne se tlameha ho sebediswa bakeng sa thuto ya dipalo le thuto ya kahisano ho tloha sehlopheng sa bohlano,ho latela Afrikaans Medium Decree.Senyesemane e ne e tla ba mokgwa wa ho ruta dithuto tse akaretsang tsa saense le tse sebetsang (ho etsa mosebetsi wa lapeng, ho loha, betla ka mapolanka, mosebetsi wa tshepe, bonono, saense ya tsa temo).[8]Dipuo tsa matswallwa a naha di ne di tla sebediswa feela bakeng sa thuto ya bodumedi, mmino le ka setso.

Taelo eo e ile ya halefisa batho ba batsho haholo.Desmond Tutu, mobishopo wa Basotho, o boletse hore Se-afrikanse e ne e le “puo ya mohatelli.[9]

Punt Janson, Motlatsi wa Letona la Bantu Education, o ile a qotswa a re: "Monna e motsho a ka kwetlisetswa ho sebetsa polasing kapa fekethering.A ka sebeletsa mohiri ya buang Senyesemane kapa Se-afrikanse, mme monna ya lokelang ho mo fa ditaelo e ka ba ya buang Senyesemane kapa Se-afrikanse.Ke hobaneng ha re sa lokela ho qala ho qabana le batho ba batsho? mme ha ke tlo buisana le bona.[10]

Ho fetoha ha puo ya taelo ho ile ha qobella barutwana ho tsepamisa mohopolo tabeng ya ho utlwisisa puo, ho ena le boitsebiso ba thuto.Seo se ile sa etsa hore tlhahlobo e tebileng ya ditaba e be thata mme ya nyahamisa monahano o tebileng.[11]

Sekgopi se ile sa hola ho fihlela ka la 30 Mmesa 1976, ha bana ba Orlando West Junior School Soweto ba kena seteraekeng mme ba hana ho kena sekolo.Borabele ba bona bo ile ba namela dikolong tse ding tse ngata Soweto.Baithuti ba Batho ba batsho ba Aforika Borwa ba ile ba ipelaetsa hobane ba ne ba dumela hore ba lokelwa ke ho tshwarwa le ho rutwa jwaloka makgowa a Aforika Borwa.Hape, ke batho ba fokolang haholo ba buang Se-afrikanse Soweto. Moithuti ya tswang Sekolong se Phahameng sa Morris Isaacson, Teboho "Tsietsi" Mashinini, o sisintse kopano ka la 13 Phuptjane 1976 ho buisana ka se lokelang ho etswa.Baithuti ba thehile Komiti ya Tshebetso, eo hamorao e ileng ya tsejwa e le Lekgotla la Baemedi ba Baithuti ba Soweto,[12] e ileng ya hlophisa mokoloko wa baithuti ka bongata bakeng sa la 16 Phuptjane ho etsa hore sello sa bona se sa thehelwe tsebe.[13]

Merusu

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Hoseng ka di 16 Phuptjane 1976, baithuti ba batho ba batsho ba pakeng tsa 3,000 le 20,000[14] [15] ba ile ba tsamaya ho tloha dikolong tsa bona ho ya Orlando Stadium bakeng sa mokoloko wa boipelaetso ba ho ithuta Se-afrikanse sekolong. Baithuti ba bangata bao hamorao ba ileng ba kopanela boipelaetsong ba ile ba fihla dikolong hoseng hoo ba sa tsebe letho ka boipelaetso boo empa ba dumela ho kenella. Boipelaetso bona bo ne bo rerilwe ke Komiti ya Tshebetso ya Lekhotla la Baithuti ba Soweto (SSRC) ka tshehetso ya Black Consciousness Movement e pharaletseng.[16] Matitjhere a Soweto le ona a tsheheditse mohwanto ka mora hore Komiti ya Tshebetso e hatise boitshwaro bo botle le diketso tsa kgotso.Tsietsi Mashinini o ile a etella pele baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng sa Morris Isaacson ho ikopanya le ba bang ba tsamaileng sekolong se phahameng sa Naledi.[17]Baithuti ba ile ba qala mohwanto, empa ba ile ba fumana hore mapolesa a ne a thibile tsela,tseleng eo ba neng ba rerile ho e tsamaya.Moetapele wa komiti ya tshebetso o ile a kopa letshwele hore le se ke la qholotsa mapolesa, mme mohwanto o ile wa tswela pele ka tsela e nngwe mme qetellong o ile wa fella haufi le Orlando High School.[18] Letshwele la baithuti le pakeng tsa 3,000 le 10,000 le ile la leba sebakeng sa sekolo.Barutwana ba ne ba bina le ho tsoka dipolakate tse nang le mapetjo a kang, “Down with Afrikaans”, “Viva Azania” le “Haeyba re tlameha ho etsa Se-afrikanse, Vorster o tlameha ho etsa Sezulu”.Mapolesa a ile a beha ntja ya ona e kwetlisitsweng ho baipelaetsi, ba ileng ba arabela ka ho e bolaya.Jwale mapolesa a ile a qala ho thunya bauthuti.[19]

Lebitla la Hector Pieterson

Hara baithuti ba pele ba ileng ba thunngwa ke Hastings Ndlovu ya dilemo di 15 le Hector Pieterson ya dilemo tse 12, ba ileng ba thunngwa Sekolong se Phahameng sa Orlando West.[20] Raditshwantsho Sam Nzima o ile a nka senepe sa Hector Pieterson ya neng a shwa ha a ne a nkuwa ke Mbuyisa Makhubo mme a felehetswa ke kgaitsedi ya hae, Antoinette Peterson, e ileng ya fetoha letshwao la merusu ya Soweto. Ditlhaselo tsa mapolesa ho baipelaetsi di ile tsa tswela pele, mme batho ba mashome a mabedi a le metso e meraro ba ile ba hlokahala ka letsatsi la pele merusung ya Soweto.Hara bona ho ne ho ena le Melville Edelstein, eo e neng e le setsebi sa kahisano le thuto mme a nehetse boiteko ba hae mererong ya diphallelo le tsa boiketlo ba setjhaba sa Soweto. A sebetsa e le Motlatsi wa Ofisiri e ka Sehloohong ya Boiketlo, Edelstein o ile a theha merero e mengata e reretsweng ho thusa batjha, ba nang le bokowa, ba futsanehileng, le baahi ba sotlehileng ka hare ho Soweto. O ile a tlepetswa ka majwe ke mokgopi mme a sala a ena le letshwao molaleng la hae le reng, “Hlokomela Se-afrikanse ke sethethefatsi se kotsi ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa bokamoso ba rona”.Tlhekefetso e ile ya mpefala, kaha diholo tsa jwala le diholo tsa dibiri, tse bonwang e le dibaka tse ka thoko tsa mmuso wa Kgatello, di ne di tobane le dibaka tse ka thoko tsa mmuso.Merusu e ile a kokobela bosiu.Dikoloi tsa mapolesa le dikoloi tse hlometseng tsamaya diterateng bosiu bohle.[21]

Ditliliniki tsa maemo a tshohanyetso di ne di tletse bana ba lemetseng le ba nang le madi. Maponesa a ile a kopa hore sepetlele se fane ka lenane la bohle ba nang le maqeba a dikulo ho ba qosa bakeng sa merusu. [22]Mookamedi wa sepetlele o ile a fetisetsa kopo eo ho dingaka, empa dingaka di ile tsa hana ho etsa lenane leo. Dingaka di ile tsa tlaleha maqeba a dikulo e le bokgopo.[23][24]

Maponesa a hlometseng a 1,500 a ile a romellwa Soweto ka la 17 Phuptjane a nkile dihlomo, ho kenyeletswa dithunya tse itshebetsang, dithunya le dikhabone.[25]Ba ile ba pota-pota ka dikoloi tse hlometseng tse nang le dirwala-nkgwana tse shebileng sebaka ho tswa hodimo. Sesole sa Aforika Borwa le sona se ile sa laelwa se eme jwalo ka tsela ya ho bontsha tshereletso . Mekgwa ya ho laola bongata ba batho e neng e sebediswa ke mapolesa a Aforika Borwa ka nako eo e ne e kenyelletsa haholo mekgwa ya ho qhalakanya. Makgolo kgolo a batho a ile a tshwarwa , ho kopanyelletswa le mohanyetsi Connie Mofokeng, ya ileng a hlokofatswa bakeng sa ho fana ka tlhahisoleseding.[26]

Mahlatsipa le ditlamorao

Palo ya batho ba hlokahetseng hangata e tsebahala e le 176, mme ho hakanngwa hore ke 700. Palo ya pele ya mmuso e boletse hore ke baithuti ba 23 feela ba bolailweng,[27]ha palo ya ba lemetseng e ka ba batho ba fetang 1,000. Baithuti ba batho ba batsho ba ile ba bolaya maponesa a makgowa a mabedi merusung eo , e mong wa bona e le Melville Edelstein.[28][29][30]

Dikgohlano di ile tsa etsahala ha mmuso wa Aforika Borwa o ntse o qobellwa ho "fetola" apartheid(mmuso wa kgatello) mahlong a matjhaba ho ya ka mokgwa o bo "bebe". Ka Mphalane 1976, Transkei, Bantustan ya pele, e phatlaladitse bo "ikemelo" ke mmuso. Boiteko boo ba ho bontsha "boitlamo" boo ho thweng ke "Aforika Borwa" ba ho ikemela bo ile ba nyopa, leha ho le jwalo, kaha Transkei e ne e songwa seriti matjhaabeng jwalo ka naha ya dipopae.

Ho mmuso, merusu e ile tsebahala e le phephetso eya bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ya mmuso wa kgatello. Ho hloka botsitso moruong le dipolotiking hoo ho bakileng ho ile ha mpefatswa ke ho nyatswa ho matla ke matjhaba. E ne e kaba dilemo tse 14 pele Nelson Mandela a lokollwa tjhankaneng, empa mmuso o ne o ke ke wa tsosolosa khotso e lekanyeditseng le botsitso setjhabng dilemong tsa pele tsa bo 1970"s, ha kganyetso ya batho ba batsho e ntse e eketseha. Mekgatlo ya tokoloho e neng e fokodisitswe kapa e lelekilwe naheng e ile ya fumana matla a matjha ha letshwele le thaothelang ho kena sesoleng.

Batho ba bangata ba basweu ba Aforika Borwa ba ne ba halefisitswe ke diketso tsa mmuso Soweto. Letsatsi ka mora polao, baithuti ba makgowa ba ka bang 400 ba tswang Univesithing ya Witwatersrand ba ile ba hwanta ho potoloha le toropo ya Johannesburg ho ipelaetsa ka polao ya bana. [31]Basebetsi ba batho ba batsho le bona ba ile ba kena seteraekeng mme ba ikopanya le bona ha letsholo le ntse le tswela pele. Ho ile ha boela ha qhoma merusu le makeisheneng a batho ba batsho metseng e meng naheng ya Aforika Borwa.

Mekgatlo ya baithuti e ile ya lebisa matla le kgalefo ya batjha ho kganyetso ya dipolotiki. Baithuti ba Thembisa ba ile ba hlophisa mohwanto o atlehileng o se nang dikgoka, empa boipelaetso bo tshwanang bo neng bo tshwaretswe Kagiso bo ile ba lebisa hore mapolesa a emise sehlopha sa batho ba neng ba le mohwantong, a ba qobella ho kgutlela morao, le ho bolaya bonyane batho ba bahlano ha ho ntse ho emetswe ho thuswa. merusu e ile ya fela ka la 18 Phuptjane.Direkoto le meaho ya tsamaiso ya Univesithi ya Zululand di ile tsa tjheswa, mme batho ba 33 ba ile ba hlokahala merusung ya Port Elizabeth ka Phato. Cape Town, batho ba 92 ba ile ba hlokahala pakeng tsa kgwedi ya Phato le Lwetse.

Bongata ba tshollo ya madi bo ne bo fokotsehile bofelong ba 1976, ha lenane la ba hlohaketseng le ne le le ka hodimo ho 600.

Dikgohlano tse neng di tswelang pele Soweto di ile tsa a baka tsitsipano ho moruo. Ranta ya Aforika Borwa e ile ya hloka boleng ba teng , mme mmuso wa eba mathateng.

African National Congress e ile ya hatisa le ho aba dipampitshana tse nang le lepetjo le reng "Free Mandela, Hang Vorster". Hang-hang e ile ya amahanya taba ya puo le lefa la yona la phetoho le lenaneo mme ya thusa ho theha karolo ya yona e ka sehloohong. (Sheba "Selemo sa Mollo, Selemo sa Ash", sa Baruch Hirson, bakeng sa dipuisano tsa bokgoni ba ANC ba ho tsamaisa kgalefo e tsebahalang.)

Sehopotso le Musiamo wa Hector Pieterson di ile tsa bulwa Soweto ka selemo sa 2002, haufi le moo Hector ya neng ale dilemo di 12 a ileng a thunngwa ka la 16 Phuptjane 1976.[32]

Maikutlo a matjhaba

Lekhotla la Tshireletso la Matjhaba a Kopaneng le pasisitse Qeto ya 392, e ileng ya nyatsa ka matla ketsahalo ena le mmuso wa kgatello.[33]

Beke ka moraa hore merusu e qale, Mongoli wa Naha wa United States Henry Kissinger o ile a kopana le Mopresidente wa Naha ya Aforika Borwa Vorster naheng ya Jeremane Bophirimela ho buisana ka boemo ba Rhodesia, empa moferefere ya Soweto ha ya ka ya hlahella dipuisanong.[34] [35]Kissinger le Vorster ba kopane hape Pretoria ka Lwetse 1976, le baithuti ba Soweto le dibakeng tse ding moo ba ipelaetsa ka ketelo ya hae le ho lelekwa ke maponesa.[36]

Polao ya 1986

Bosiung ba la 26 Phato 1986, maponesa a ile a thunya pontshong ya White City. Ba ile ba bolaya batho ba pakeng tsa 20 le 25, mohlomong ba fetang 60, mme ba ntsha kotsi ba ka hodimo ho 60.Mmuso wa Aforika Borwa o ile wa bolela ka molao hore ho hlohaketse batho ba 11 empa hamorao ya palo nyolosetsa ho 12.Lefapha la ditaba la Aforika Borwa le boletse hore maponesa a ile a thunya ka makgetlo a mabedi, ka mora hore qhomane e akgelwe mme ya lematsa maponesa a mane.Baahi ba boletse hore ntwa e qalile ha di ofisiri tsa sebaka seo di ne di batla ho leleka bahiri ba neng ba hana ho lefa rente ka dikgwedi tse pedi e le karolo ya boipelaetso bo bongata.Mabotho a tshireletso ho boleloa hore qalong a ile a sebedisa kgase e llisang ho qhalanya matshwele.Hamorao, moahi e mong o ile a letsetsa moqolotsi wa ditaba ho re, "Maponesa a thunya ka ho le letshehadi le ka ho le letona.Ba qeta ho thunya monna-moholo. Ba thunya bohle, ntho e nngwe le e nngwe ".[37]

Moetapele wa UDF Frank Chikane o hlalositse diketso tsa maponesa "jwalokaha eka di kena sebakeng sa dira, dithunya di ntse di tuka." Letona la Tlhahisoleseding Louis Nel hamorao o ile a nyatswa ha a bua sebokeng sa boraditaba, "Ho se ke ha eba le ho se utlwisisane mabapi le taba ya sebele e kotsing.Ha se taba ya khiriso, ha se boteng ba mabotho a tshireletso dibakeng tsa bodulo tsa batho ba batsho, ha se matsatsi a itseng a kgopotso, hase mananeo a sekolo.Ho ketolwa ka mabifi ha naha ya Aforika Borwa ke yona taba."[38]

E le ho iphetetsa, lekhanselara la toropo la motho e motsho le ile la bolawa letsatsi le hlahlamang, la bolawa ke setjhaba.Ka la 4 Lwetse, mapolesa a ile a tshela khase e llisang lebaleng le neng le tletse ho emisa lepato le leholo la batho ba neng ba bolaiwe ka bo bangata, a fiela Soweto le ho tlosa ditshebeletso tse ding tse neng di tshwerwe, ho kenyeletsa e neng e tshwaretswe Regina Mundi Roman Catholic, moo dintho tsa kgase e llisang di ileng tsa akgelwa ka beseng e nang le batho ba tlileng mokgohlaneng.Tshebeletso e neng e tshwaretswe Avalon Cemetery eo ho tlalehilweng hore dikete-kete di bokane ho yona e ile ya qhalakanngwa ka khase e llisang le dikoloi tse hlometseng.Ho ile ha tlalehwa hore kgase e llisang e nngwe e ne e theoha hodimo ho tswa serwala-nkgwana ho qhalanya letshwele le neng le bokane mabitleng.[39]

Metjheng ya ditaba

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Ditshwantso tsa merusu di ile tsa tlala lefatsheng lohle mme tsa tshosa batho ba dimilione. Senepe sa setopo sa Hector Pieterson, jwalokaha se nkilwe ke raditshwantsho Sam Nzima, se ile sa baka kgalefo le ho theola lenyatso matjhaba kgahlanong le mmuso wa kgethollo.

Merusu ya Soweto e ile ya bontshwa filiming ya 1987 ke motsamaisi Richard Attenborough, Cry Freedom le filiming ya mmino ya 1992 Sarafina! le motlhahisi wa mmino wa lebitso le tshwanang ka Mbongeni Ngema. Merusu e boetse e khothaleditswe buka ya A Dry White Season ka Andre Brink le filiming ya 1989 ya sehlooho se tshwanang.

Merusu ena e boetse e hlahile filiming ya 2003 ya Stander e buang ka leshodu le tummeng hampe la banka le mokapotene wa mehleng wa seponesa Andre Stander. Mantswe a pina ya "Soweto Blues" ya Hugh Masekela le Miriam Makeba a hlalosa Merusu ya Soweto le karolo ya bana ho yona.

Seya-le-moya

Ka Phuptjane 1996, Ulwazi Educational Radio Project ya Johannesburg e ile ya hlophisa tshwantshiso ya seya-le-moya e nkang hora, dilemo tse 20 ka mora merusu e neng e bontsha diketsahalo tsa 16 Phuptjane ho ya ka pono ya batho ba neng ba dula Soweto ka nako eo.[40] Bongata ba baithuti ba neng ba rera kapa ba kenela merusu, mmoho le dipaki tse ding, ba nkile karolo, ho kenyeletswa raditshwantsho Peter Magubane, motlalehi Sophie Tema le Tim Wilson, ngaka ya lekgowa e boletseng hore Pieterson o hlokahalletse Sepetleleng sa Baragwanath. Lenaneo le ile la haswa ho SABC le diya-le-moya tsa selehae ho phatlalla le Aforika Borwa. Selemong se latelang, BBC Radio 4 le BBC World Service di ile tsa phatlalatsa phetolelo e ntjhafaditsweng e nang le dipuisano tse ntjha, The Day Apartheid Shoed.[41]

Lenaneo le bile boemong ba bobedi dikgaung tsa 1998 tsa European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) TV & Radio Awards hape le dikgaung tsa Media tsa 1998 tsa One World International Broadcasting Trust mme le ile la babatswa haholo dikgaung tsa seya-le-moya tsa 1998 tsa Prix Italia. Ka Motsheanong 1999, e ile ya phatlalatswa hape ke BBC Radio 4 e le The Death of Apartheid ka kenyelletso e ntjha e faneng ka moelelo o eketsehileng wa histori bakeng sa bamamedi ba Borithane ke Anthony Sampson, mohlophisi wa mehleng wa Drum magazine le mongodi wa biography e dumelletsweng (1999) ya Nelson Mandela. Sampson o ile a amahanya dintlha tse tswang ho BBC Sound Archive tse ileng tsa rala ntwa ya nako e telele kgahlanong le kgethollo ya merabe ya Sharpeville ya 1960 le merusu ya 1976 le polao ya Steve Biko ho fihlela Mandela a lokollwa tjhankanneng ka 1990 le puo ya mopresidente wa kamoso moo a ileng a amohela molato o kolotwang ke baithuti bohle ba Soweto ba 16 Phuptjane 1976.[42]

Mehlodi

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  1. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/575204.stm
  2. ↑ https://sahistory.org.za/article/youth-struggle
  3. ↑ https://www.thoughtco.com/student-uprising-soweto-riots-part-1-43425
  4. ↑ https://www.acerwc.africa/en/page/about-day-african-child
  5. ↑ https://www.unicef.org/gabon/en/press-releases/day-african-child-demonstrates-importance-defending-childrens-rights-digital-space
  6. ↑ http://www.sadet.co.za/docs/RTD/vol2/Volume%202%20-%20chapter%207.pdf
  7. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20150906111057/http://www.praesa.org.za/files/2012/07/Paper14.pdf
  8. ↑ http://www.sadet.co.za/docs/RTD/vol2/Volume%202%20-%20chapter%207.pdf
  9. ↑ http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/governence-projects/june16/struggle.htm
  10. ↑ http://www.sadet.co.za/docs/RTD/vol2/Volume%202%20-%20chapter%207.pdf
  11. ↑ http://www.sadet.co.za/docs/RTD/vol2/Volume%202%20-%20chapter%207.pdf
  12. ↑ http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/governence-projects/june16/struggle.htm
  13. ↑ http://www.sadet.co.za/docs/RTD/vol2/Volume%202%20-%20chapter%207.pdf
  14. ↑ https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/june-16-soweto-youth-uprising
  15. ↑ https://archive.org/details/rabblerouserforp00john
  16. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130515033714/http://www.socialistworld.net/eng/2006/06/19safrica.html
  17. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20060614021718/http://www.joburg.org.za/2006/june/jun12_june16.stm
  18. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20061007144442/http://www.joburg.org.za/2006/may/may23_mputhistreet.stm
  19. ↑ "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2025-06-06. 
  20. ↑ http://www.sadet.co.za/docs/RTD/vol2/Volume%202%20-%20chapter%207.pdf
  21. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-35-6
  22. ↑ http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/governence-projects/june16/struggle.htm
  23. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soweto_uprising#cite_note-sahistory-14
  24. ↑ http://www.sadet.co.za/docs/RTD/vol2/Volume%202%20-%20chapter%207.pdf
  25. ↑ http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/governence-projects/june16/struggle.htm
  26. ↑ https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/connie-mofokeng
  27. ↑ https://alansinger.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/apartheidsouthafricaandthesowetorebellion.pdf
  28. ↑ http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media%5C1996%5C9607/s960723j.htm
  29. ↑ "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2018-10-23. Retrieved 2025-06-06. 
  30. ↑ http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Dr-Melville-Edelstein-and-South-Africas-1976-Soweto-uprising-459090
  31. ↑ https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/year-fire-year-ash-soweto-revolt-roots-revolution-baruch-hirson
  32. ↑ https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsga/hector-pieterson-memorial-site.htm#:~:text=The%20Hector%20Pieterson*%20Memorial%20and%20museum%20opened%20in,brutality%20of%20the%20apartheid%20government.%20Did%20you%20know?
  33. ↑ http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/392
  34. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=EpH4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75
  35. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804793858
  36. ↑ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19760918&id=tyBOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6309,975130&hl=en
  37. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/27/world/11-reported-slain-and-62-wounded-in-soweto-battle.html
  38. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMAEFsz6PAM
  39. ↑ https://apnews.com/article/13f42abb6e4ecedd927dd1b1d2d68ec5
  40. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/newsid_2514000/2514467.stm
  41. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5085450.stm
  42. ↑ http://www.gutenberg-e.org/pohlandt-mccormick
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