Sebaka se Motho a Tswang ho sona (Cradle of Humankind)

The Cradle of Humankind^[1]^[2] ke sebaka sa se fumanehang ka bang 50 mi) leboya-bophirima ho Johannesburg, Afrika Borwa, profinseng ya Gauteng. E phatlaladitswe e le Sebaka sa Lefa la Lefatshe ke UNESCO ka selemo sa 1999, sebaka sena se na le pokello e kgolo ka ho fetisisa e tsejwang ya masala a baholo-holo ba motho kae kapa kae lefatsheng. Sebaka sena hajwale se na le dihekthere tse 47 000 (dihekthere tsa 120,000) ^[3] mme se na le leano le rarahaneng la maphao a lejwe la sekgahla. Lebitso le ngodisitsweng la sebaka seo lethathamong la dibaka tsa lefa la lefatshe ke Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa.

Ho latela South African Journal of Science Bolt's Farm ke sebaka seo ho sona ho ileng ha fumanwa diphoofolo tsa pele tsa sehlopha sa di-primate. Polasi ya Bolt e ile ya epollwa haholo ho batla speleothem (e leng *calcium carbonate* e tswang ho stalagmites, *stalactites* le *flowstones*) qetellong ya lekgolo la bo-19 la dilemo le qalong ya lekgolo la bo-20 la dilemo.[2]

Mahaha a Sterkfontein e ne e le sebaka sa ho sibollwa ha li-fossil ya dilemo tse dimilione tse 2,3 Australopithecus africanus (e bitswang "Mofumahadi Ples"), e fumanoeng ka selemo sa 1947 ke Robert Broom le John T. Robinson. Ho fumanoa ha yona ho ile ha thusa ho tiisa ho sibolloa ha 1924 ke Raymond Dart ha setho sa botjha ba Australopithecus africanus se tsejwang e le "Taung Child" Taung Profinseng ya Leboya-bophirimela ya Afrika Borwa, moo ho epolotsweng ho ntseng ho tswela pele.

Haufi, empa eseng sebakeng seo, tsamaiso ya Rising Star Cave e na le Chamber ya Dinaledi (Kamore ya Dinaledi), eo ho yona ho fumanweng masapo a metso e mehlano a di-fossil a mefuta e nyametseng wa di-hominin, o bitswang ka nakwana Homo naledi.

Sterkfontein feela e hlahisitse karolo e fetang karolo ya boraro ya di-fossil tsa pele tsa hominid tse fumanoeng pele ho 2010. Kamore ya Dinaledi e na le mehlala e fetang 1,500 ea masapo a H. naledi ho tsoa ho bonyane batho ba 15, e leng ho sibolloa ho hoholo ka ho fetisisa ha mofuta o le mong wa hominid o kileng wa fumanwa Afrika.

Etymology

Lebitso Cradle of Humankind le bontsha taba ea hore sebaka sena se hlahisitse palo e kgolo ya di-fossil tsa li-hominin, tse ding tsa tsa kgale ka ho fetisisa tse fumanoeng, tse qadileng dilemo tse dimilione tse 3.5 tse fetileng.^[1]^[2]

Nalane ya dintho tse fumanweng

Ka selemo sa 1935, Robert Broom o ile a fumana dintho tsa pele tse epolotsweng ke motho Sterkfontein mme a qala ho sebetsa sebakeng sena. Ka selemo sa 1938, moshanyana e mong ya kenang sekolo, e leng Gert Terrblanche, o ile a tlisa dikarolo tsa hlooho ya Raymond Dart tse tsoang Kromdraai e haufi le moo tse ileng tsa tsejoa hamorao e le Paranthropus robustus. Hape ka selemo sa 1938, ho ile ha fumanoa leino le le leng la motho sebakeng sa Cooper's Cave pakeng tsa Kromdraai le Sterkfontein.

Ka selemo sa 1948, Khamphani ya Peabody e tswang United States e ile ya sebetsa Bolts Farm le Gladysvale e batla di-hominid tse entsweng ka majwe, empa ha ya ka ya di fumana. Hamorao ka selemo sa 1948, Robert Broom o ile a fumana masalla a pele a hominid a tswang lehaheng la Swartkrans.

Ka selemo sa 1954, C. K. Brain o ile a qala ho sebetsa dibakeng tse ka Cradle, ho akarelletsa le Cooper's Cave. Ka mowa moo o ile a qala mosebetsi wa hae wa dilemo tse mashome a mararo ka lehaha la Swartkrans, o ileng wa fella ka ho fumana sampole ya bobedi e kgolo ka ho fetisisa ea masala a hominid ho tloha Cradle. Tshebediso ya kgale ka ho fetisisa e laolwang ea mollo ke Homo erectus le yona e fumanoe Swartkrans mme e tsoa ho dilemo tse fetang milione e le nngwe tse fetileng.^[4]^[5]

Ka selemo sa 1966, Phillip Tobias o ile a qala ho epolla Sterkfontein e ntseng e tswela pele ebile ke yona e tswelang pele ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng.

Ka selemo sa 1991, Lee Berger wa Univesithi ea Witwatersrand o ile a fumana masalla a pele a *hominid* sebakeng sa Gladysvale, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore e be sebaka sa pele se setjha sa *hominid* ya kgale ho fumanoa Afrika Boroa ka mor'\a dilemo tse 48. Ka 1994, Andre Keyser o ile a fumana masalla a *hominid* sebakeng sa Drimolen. Ka 1997, Kevin Kuykendall le Colin Menter ba Univesithi ya Witwatersrand ba ile ba fumana meno a mabedi a *hominid* sebakeng sa Gondolin. Hape ka 1997, Ron Clarke o ile a fumana masapo a batlang a feletse a *Australopithecus* a tsejwang e le "Little Foot"; ka nako eo ho ne ho nahanoa hore a na le dilemo tse ka bang dimilione tse 3.3 (leha litekanyetso tsa morao-rao di bontsha hore a ka ba le dilemo tse haufi le dimilione tse 2.5).

Ka selemo sa 2001, Steve Churchill wa Univesithi ya Duke le Lee Berger ba ile ba fumana masalla a batho ba mehleng ya kgale (empa ba tshwanang le ba kajeno) sebakeng sa Plovers Lake. Hape ka selemo sa 2001, masalla a pele a kgale a batho ba pele (hominids) le disebediswa tsa majoe di ile tsa fumanwa di le maemong a tsona a mantlha (in-situ) lehaheng la Cooper's Cave. Ka 2008, Lee Berger o ile a fumana dikarolo tsa masalla a batho ba babeli ba pele (Australopithecus sediba) ba pileng pakeng tsa dilemo tse dimilione tse 1.78 le tse 1.95 tse fetileng, sebakeng sa Malapa moo ho fumanoang masalla a kgale.

Ka Mphalane 2013, Berger o ile a hira setsebi sa jeoloji Pedro Boshoff ho etsa dipatlisiso ka meaho ya maha-ha sebakeng sa Cradle of Humankind ka sepheo se tobileng sa ho fumana dibaka tse ding tse nang le masalla a dihlopha tsa batho ba kgale (hominin). Bafuputsi ba maha-ha, Rick Hunter le Steven Tucker, ba ile ba fumana masalla a batho ba kgale sebakeng se neng se e-so hlahlojwe sa Rising Star-Westminster Cave System, se bitswang UW-101. Ka Pulungwana selemong sa 2013, Berger o ile a etella pele leeto la dipatlisiso le kopanetsweng ke Univesithi ya Witwatersrand le National Geographic Society ho ya sebakeng sa Rising Star Cave System haufi le Swartkrans. Nakong ya dibeke tse tharo feela tsa ho tjheka, sehlopha sa matjhaba sa basayi ba tsheletseng ba ditsebi tsa saense ya ho ithuta ka maha-ha (K. Lindsay Eaves, Marina Elliott, Elen Feuerriegel, Alia Gurtov, Hannah Morris, le Becca Peixotto)—ba ileng ba kgethwa ka lebaka la tsebo ya bona ya paleoanthropology le ho hlahloba maha-ha, hammoho le boholo ba bona bo bonyenyane—ba ile ba fumana dikotwana tse fetang 1,200 tsa masalla a mofuta o sa tsejweng wa batho ba kgale (hominin). Ho fihlela ka 2015, ho ne ho ntse ho tswelo-pele ka mosebetsi wa ho fumana dilemo tsa sebaka seo. Ka Lwetse selemong sa 2015, Berger, ka tshebedisano-mmoho le National Geographic, o ile a phatlalatsa ho fumanwa ha mofuta o motjha wa beng ka batho, o bitswang *Homo naledi*, sebakeng sa UW-101.^[6] Bafuputsi ba bang ba fana ka maikutlo a hore *H. naledi* e ne e beha ditopo tsa batho ba yona ba shweleng ka boomo ka kamoreng e ka hare-hare ya leha-ha—e leng boitshwaro bo neng bo nahanwa hore bo etswa feela ke mefuta ea hamorao ya *Homo*—leha taba ena e ntse e le taba ya ngangisano hara ditsebi. Matsatsing a ho qetela a Leeto la Dipatlisiso la Rising Star, bafuputsi Rick Hunter le Steven Tucker ba ile ba fumana masalla a mang a batho ba khale karolong e nngwe ya leha-ha leo. Mosebetsi wa pele wa ho tjheka sebakeng sena, se bitswang UW-102, o ne o se o qalile ka 2013 mm wa hlahisa masalla a felletseng a batho ba kgale. Kamano pakeng tsa sebaka sa 101 le sa 102 ha e tsejwe.

Australopithecus africanus (e entsweng hape)
Lehata la Australopithecus sediba

Boemo ba dintho tse bonahalang

Dintho tse setseng tsa hominin tse ileng tsa silafatswa ka nako e telele ho Cradle of Humankind di fumanwa ka mahaheng a di-dolomite, mme hangata di kwahetswe ka motswako wa lejwe la lejwe le ditsila tse ding tse bitswang di-breccia. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe batho ba pele ba ile ba phela Afrika ka bophara, empa masalla a bona a fumanwa feela dibakeng tseo maemo a dumellang ho thehwa le ho bolokoa ha di-fossil.^[7]

Ditsi tsa baeti

Ka la 7 Tshwitwe ka selemo 2005, Mopresidente wa Afrika Borwa Thabo Mbeki o ile a bula Setsi se setjha sa Baeti sa Maropeng sebakeng seo. Ho latela websaete ya maropeng.co.za, baeti ba ka bona masalla a kgale a dintho tse phelang (di-fossil), disebediswa tsa majwe, le ho ithuta ka tshimoloho ya batho setsing sena sa baeti. Setsi sena se boetse se fana ka monyetla oa ho etela Mahaheng a Sterkfontein le ho bona pontsho e teng moo. Sebopeho sa tshepe se bobebe le se ka falliswang, se tsejoang e le "Beetle", se behilwe hodima sebaka sa Malapa ho dumella setjhaba se lefang ho bona mosebetsi wa ho epolla ha o qala hape sebakeng seo. (Mosebetsi wa ho epolla o emisitswe ho tloha ka 2009, ha ho ne ho ntshwa masalla a batho ba bane ba mofuta wa *A. sediba*.)[2][e hloka ho ntlafatso]wa]

Moaho wa Timulus Maropeng
Bokapele ba moaho wa Maropeng
Maropeng

Bona hape

Setsi sa tsoelo-pele
Dawn of Humanity, filimi ea 2015 ea PBS
Maropeng Caveemen, sehlopha sa South Africa field hockey
Mulderdrift
Tšimoloho ea morao-rao ea batho ba kajeno Afrika
Lehaha la Limakatso

Ditlhaloso

1 2 Fleminger, David (2008). The Cradle of Humankind. 30° South Publishers. pp. 7–10. ISBN 978-0-9584891-3-3.
1 2 Cradle of Humankind – David Fleminger". Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130423235449/http://maropeng.co.za/index.php/about/
↑ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.336..464B
↑ Hilton Barber, Brett; Berger, Lee R (December 2004). Field Guide to the Cradle of Human Kind: Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai and Environs World Heritage Site (First ed.). Cape Town: Penguin Random House. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-77007-065-3. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20131107202308/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/tag/rising-star-expedition/
↑ Esterhuysen, Amanda (6 December 2019). "If we are all African, then I am nothing: Hominin evolution and the politics of identity in South Africa". In Porr, Martin; Matthews, Jacqueline M. (eds.). Interrogating Human Origins: Decolonisation and the Deep Human Past. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 279–292. doi:10.4324/9780203731659. ISBN 978-0-203-73165-9. OCLC 1128062043. S2CID 242503326.

[Fleminger2008-1] 1 2 Fleminger, David (2008). The Cradle of Humankind. 30° South Publishers. pp. 7–10. ISBN 978-0-9584891-3-3.

[Fleminger-2] 1 2 Cradle of Humankind – David Fleminger". Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2019.

[3] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20130423235449/http://maropeng.co.za/index.php/about/

[4] ttps://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Natur.336..464B

[5] Hilton Barber, Brett; Berger, Lee R (December 2004). Field Guide to the Cradle of Human Kind: Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai and Environs World Heritage Site (First ed.). Cape Town: Penguin Random House. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-77007-065-3. Retrieved 10 September 2016.

[6] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20131107202308/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/tag/rising-star-expedition/

[7] Esterhuysen, Amanda (6 December 2019). "If we are all African, then I am nothing: Hominin evolution and the politics of identity in South Africa". In Porr, Martin; Matthews, Jacqueline M. (eds.). Interrogating Human Origins: Decolonisation and the Deep Human Past. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 279–292. doi:10.4324/9780203731659. ISBN 978-0-203-73165-9. OCLC 1128062043. S2CID 242503326.

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